The Spin Structure of the Nucleon

Abstract We provide an introduction to the ideas of spin-dependent deep-inelastic scattering. Recent experimental results are summarised and possible explanations related to the axial anomaly presented. Further experiments that could greatly clarify the situation are also described.

[1]  Hughes,et al.  Deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by polarized 3He and the study of the neutron spin structure. , 1996, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[2]  Stirling,et al.  Polarized parton distributions in the nucleon. , 1996, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[3]  Roberts,et al.  Single-spin asymmetries and invariant cross sections of the high transverse-momentum inclusive pi 0 production in 200 GeV/c pp and p-barp interactions. , 1996, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[4]  B. Adeva,et al.  Polarisation of valence and non-strange sea quarks in the nucleon from semi-inclusive spin asymmetries , 1996 .

[5]  Vogelsang,et al.  Rederivation of the spin-dependent next-to-leading order splitting functions. , 1995, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[6]  S. Forte,et al.  NEXT-TO-LEADING ORDER DETERMINATION OF THE SINGLET AXIAL CHARGE AND THE POLARIZED GLUON CONTENT OF THE NUCLEON , 1995, hep-ph/9510449.

[7]  P. Mulders,et al.  The complete tree-level result up to order 1/Q for polarized deep-inelastic leptoproduction , 1995, hep-ph/9510301.

[8]  X. Ji,et al.  Spin structure of the nucleon in the asymptotic limit. , 1995, Physical review letters.

[9]  R. Jaffe.  Gluon spin in the nucleon , 1995, hep-ph/9509279.

[10]  M. Stratmann,et al.  Next-to-leading-order radiative parton model analysis of polarized deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering. , 1995, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[11]  W. L. van Neerven,et al.  The calculation of the two-loop spin splitting functions $P_{ij}^{(1)}(x)$ , 1995, hep-ph/9506451.

[12]  M. Karliner,et al.  The Strange Spin of the Nucleon , 1996, hep-ph/9601280.

[13]  The Slac E154 Collaboration,et al.  Measurements of the Q2-dependence of the proton and deuteron spin structure functions g1 p and g1 d , 1995, hep-ex/9511015.

[14]  A. Thomas,et al.  Mesonic corrections to the shape of quark distributions , 1995, hep-ph/9508398.

[15]  M. Anselmino,et al.  THE THEORY AND PHENOMENOLOGY OF POLARIZED DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING , 1995, hep-ph/9501369.

[16]  Soffer,et al.  Positivity constraints for spin-dependent Parton distributions. , 1994, Physical review letters.

[17]  S. Narison,et al.  Target independence of the EMC-SMC effect , 1994, hep-ph/9404277.

[18]  A. Penzo,et al.  Measurement of the deuteron polarization in a large target , 1994 .

[19]  T. Maki,et al.  Measurement of the double-spin asymmetry ALL for inclusive multi-γ pair production with 200 GeV/c polarized proton beam and polarized proton target , 1994 .

[20]  R. G. Roberts,et al.  The spin dependence of diffractive processes and implications for the small x behaviour of g1 and the spin content of the nucleon , 1994, hep-ph/9407204.

[21]  S. Bass,et al.  The small x behaviour of g1 , 1994, hep-ph/9406350.

[22]  A. Penzo,et al.  Measurement of the polarisation of a high energy muon beam , 1994 .

[23]  Thomas,et al.  Deep-inelastic scattering from off-shell nucleons. , 1994, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[24]  H. D. Bremer,et al.  High spin polarization at the HERA electron storage ring , 1994 .

[25]  F. Videbæk.  The BRAHMS experiment at RHIC , 1994 .

[26]  Stevenson,et al.  Optimization of Re+e- and "freezing" of the QCD couplant at low energies. , 1993, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[27]  S. Heppelmann,et al.  Measuring transversity densities in singly polarized hadron-hadron and lepton-hadron collisions , 1993, hep-ph/9305309.

[28]  W. Neerven,et al.  Order-αs2 corrections to the polarized structure function g1 (x, Q2) , 1994 .

[29]  Hughes,et al.  Determination of the neutron spin structure function. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[30]  S. Bass,et al.  The EMC spin effect , 1993 .

[31]  R. G. Roberts,et al.  Consistent analysis of the spin content of the nucleon , 1993, hep-ph/9306289.

[32]  S. Bass,et al.  Mapping the x dependence of the axial anomaly in polarised deep inelastic scattering , 1993, hep-ph/9305322.

[33]  M. Karliner,et al.  Analysis of data on polarized lepton-nucleon scattering , 1993, hep-ph/9305306.

[34]  H. D. Bremer,et al.  The HERA polarimeter and the first observation of electron spin polarization at HERA , 1993 .

[35]  R. Piegaia,et al.  Measurement of the spin dependent structure function g1(x) of the deuteron , 1993 .

[36]  N. Kochelev,et al.  Proton spin within nonperturbative QCD. , 1993 .

[37]  S. Bass,et al.  Charm as a signature of the EMC spin effect , 1992 .

[38]  J. Ralston,et al.  Measuring the transverse polarization of quarks in the proton , 1992 .

[39]  Ellis,et al.  Jets at hadron colliders at order alpha s3: A look inside. , 1992, Physical review letters.

[40]  G. Veneziano,et al.  The U(1) Goldberger-Treiman relation and the proton ``spin'': A renormalisation group analysis , 1992 .

[41]  J. Collins.  Fragmentation of transversely polarized quarks probed in transverse momentum distributions , 1992, hep-ph/9208213.

[42]  B. Webber,et al.  The k⊥-clustering algorithm for jets in deep inelastic scattering and hadron collisions , 1992 .

[43]  R. Jaffe,et al.  Chiral odd parton distributions and Drell-Yan processes , 1992 .

[44]  B. Badelek,et al.  Shadowing in inelastic lepton - deuteron scattering , 1992 .

[45]  R. Windmolders.  The spin-dependent structure functions of the nucleon , 1992 .

[46]  E. Henley,et al.  Some Measurements for Determining Strangeness Matrix Elements in the Nucleon , 1992 .

[47]  M. Shifman.  Anomalies in gauge theories , 1991 .

[48]  Milner,et al.  Probing the polarized sea by inclusive leptoproduction of hadrons. , 1991, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[49]  J. M. Clement,et al.  Analyzing power in inclusive π+ and π− production at high xF with a 200 GeV polarized proton beam , 1991 .

[50]  S. Bass,et al.  Modelling QCD: Probes of hadron structure , 1991 .

[51]  J. Vermaseren,et al.  The αs3 corrections to the Bjorken sum rule for polarized electroproduction and to the Gross-Llewellyn Smith sum rule , 1991 .

[52]  A. Manohar,et al.  Polarized parton distribution functions. , 1991, Physical review letters.

[53]  U. Vogl,et al.  The Nambu and Jona-Lasinio model: Its implications for Hadrons and Nuclei☆ , 1991 .

[54]  O. Teryaev,et al.  Spin structure of the nucleon and axial anomaly , 1990 .

[55]  Soni,et al.  Two-component approach to the "proton spin" puzzle in generalized Skyrme models. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[56]  X. Artru,et al.  Transversely polarized parton densities, their evolution and their measurement , 1990 .

[57]  A. Manohar,et al.  Parton distributions from an operator viewpoint. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[58]  M. Birse.  The singlet Goldberger-Treiman relation and models for the proton's spin , 1990 .

[59]  U. Vogl,et al.  Generalized SU(3) Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model: (I). Mesonic modes , 1990 .

[60]  G. Veneziano,et al.  The U (1) Goldberger-Treiman relation and the two components of the proton “spin” , 1990 .

[61]  V. N. Matafonov,et al.  Observation of significant spin effects in hard collisions at 40 GeV/c , 1990 .

[62]  R. Jaffe,et al.  The g1 problem: Deep inelastic electron scattering and the spin of the proton☆ , 1990 .

[63]  Bodwin,et al.  Gluonic contribution to g1 and its relationship to the spin-dependent parton distributions. , 1990, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[64]  V. Bernard,et al.  Axial charges and form factors of the nucleon , 1990 .

[65]  D. Barton,et al.  Single-spin asymmetry in inclusive reactions p+X, +X, and p+X at 13.3 and 18.5 GeV/c , 1990 .

[66]  S. Forte.  Computing the anomalous contribution to the proton polarization: Infrared divergencies, gauge invariance and the parton model , 1990 .

[67]  Close.  Polarized strange quarks in the proton and the validity of quantum chromodynamics. , 1990, Physical review letters.

[68]  W. Vogelsang,et al.  Polarized parton distributions of the nucleon , 1990 .

[69]  R. G. Roberts.  The structure of the proton , 1990 .

[70]  Barton,et al.  Single-spin asymmetry in inclusive reactions p , 1990, Physical review letters.

[71]  D. Sivers,et al.  Single-spin production asymmetries from the hard scattering of pointlike constituents. , 1990, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[72]  W. J. Womersley,et al.  An investigation of the spin structure of the proton in deep inelastic scattering of polarised muons on polarised protons , 1989 .

[73]  R. Jaffe.  $g_{2}$-The Nucleon's Other Spin-Dependent Structure Function , 1989 .

[74]  M. Karliner,et al.  On the polarization of gluons in the proton , 1989 .

[75]  R. Cahn,et al.  Critique of parton-model calculations of azimuthal dependence in leptoproduction. , 1989, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[76]  T. Cohen,et al.  The spin content of the proton. The large N and chiral limits revisited , 1989 .

[77]  L. Mankiewicz,et al.  The valence and strange-sea quark spin distributions in the nucleon from semi-inclusive deep inelastic lepton scattering , 1989 .

[78]  H. Fritzsch.  The chiral dynamics of QCD and the spins inside the nucleon , 1989 .

[79]  A. Abbas.  Spin content of the nucleon in the quark model , 1989 .

[80]  G. Veneziano.  Is There a QCD Spin Crisis , 1989 .

[81]  R. Woloshyn.  Polarized lepton deep-inelastic scattering from few-nucleon targets☆ , 1989 .

[82]  M. Shifman.  REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Anomalies and low-energy theorems of quantum chromodynamics , 1989 .

[83]  U. Vogl,et al.  Generalized SU(3) Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model: (II). From current to constituent quarks☆ , 1989 .

[84]  Alexander,et al.  Experimental study of muon pairs produced by 252-GeV pions on tungsten. , 1989, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[85]  A. Manohar,et al.  Strange matrix elements in the proton from neutral-current experiments , 1988 .

[86]  A. Thomas,et al.  Spin dependent structure functions in the cloudy bag model , 1988 .

[87]  K. Tsushima,et al.  Weak interaction form factors and magnetic moments of octet baryons: Chiral bag model with gluonic effects , 1988 .

[88]  A. Ereditato,et al.  Angular distributions of muon pairs produced by negative pions on deuterium and tungsten , 1988 .

[89]  J. Collins,et al.  The role of the axial anomaly in measuring spin-dependent parton distributions , 1988 .

[90]  F. Myhrer,et al.  The spin content of the proton in the chiral bag , 1988 .

[91]  R. Piegaia,et al.  The integral of the spin-dependent structure function g1p and the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule , 1988 .

[92]  G. Altarelli,et al.  The anomalous gluon contribution to polarized leptoproduction , 1988 .

[93]  F. Close,et al.  The spin and flavor dependence of parton distribution functions , 1988 .

[94]  Thomas,et al.  Spin structure functions and gluon exchange. , 1988, Physical review. D, Particles and fields.

[95]  A. Schäfer.  Spin-dependent structure functions for the proton and neutron , 1988 .

[96]  W. J. Womersley,et al.  A measurement of the spin asymmetry and determination of the structure function g1 in deep inelastic muon-proton scattering , 1988 .

[97]  M. Karliner,et al.  Chiral Symmetry and the Spin of the Proton , 1988 .

[98]  G. Smadja,et al.  The Quark Structure of the Nucleon from the CERN Muon Experiments , 1988 .

[99]  Roberts,et al.  Spin content of the proton. , 1988, Physical review letters.

[100]  R. Jaffe.  The axial anomaly and the sum rules for spin dependent electroproduction , 1987 .

[101]  L. Cerrito,et al.  Angular distributions of muon pairs produced by 194 GeV/c negative pions , 1986 .

[102]  G. Hooft.  How instantons solve the U(1) problem , 1986 .

[103]  S. A. Larin,et al.  QCD corrections to the parton-model sum rules for structure functions of deep inelastic scattering , 1986 .

[104]  J. Buon,et al.  Hera variable-energy “mini” spin rotator and head-on ep collision scheme with choice of electron helicity , 1986 .

[105]  O. Teryaev,et al.  QCD asymmetry and polarized hadron structure function measurement , 1985 .

[106]  R. Jaffe.  Parton Distribution Functions for Twist Four , 1983 .

[107]  I. Nakano,et al.  New measurement of deep-inelastic e-p asymmetries , 1983 .

[108]  F. Close.  The Cosmic Onion , 1983 .

[109]  O. C. Allkofer,et al.  A large magnetic spectrometer system for high-energy muon physics , 1981 .

[110]  N. Sasao,et al.  Measurement of asymmetry in spin-dependent e-p resonance-region scattering , 1980 .

[111]  S. Brodsky,et al.  Exclusive Processes in Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics , 1980 .

[112]  P. Kyberd,et al.  Spin dependence of the inclusive reaction p + p (polarized) → π0 + X at 24 GeV/c for high-pT π0 produced in the central region , 1980 .

[113]  S. Brodsky,et al.  The Intrinsic Charm of the Proton , 1980 .

[114]  R. Jaffe,et al.  Normalizing the renormalization group analysis of deep inelastic leptoproduction , 1980 .

[115]  J. Kodaira.  QCD higher-order effects in polarized electroproduction: Flavour singlet coefficient functions , 1980 .

[116]  W. Rühl.  Field theoretical methods in particle physics , 1980 .

[117]  S. Matsuda,et al.  QCD higher order effects in spin-dependent deep inelastic electroproduction , 1979 .

[118]  H. Georgi,et al.  Perturbation Theory and the Parton Model in QCD , 1979 .

[119]  J. Ralston,et al.  Production of Dimuons from High-Energy Polarized Proton Proton Collisions , 1979 .

[120]  A. Vainshtein,et al.  QCD and Resonance Physics: Applications , 1979 .

[121]  A. Vainshtein,et al.  QCD and resonance physics. theoretical foundations , 1979 .

[122]  F. Close.  An Introduction to Quarks and Partons , 1979 .

[123]  R. Petronzio,et al.  Relating Hard QCD Processes Through Universality of Mass Singularities , 1978 .

[124]  H. Kagan,et al.  Asymmetries in Inclusive Proton-Nucleon Scattering at 11.75-GeV/c , 1978 .

[125]  R. Cahn.  Azimuthal dependence in leptoproduction: A simple parton model calculation , 1978 .

[126]  R. J. Crewther.  Effects of Topological Charge in Gauge Theories , 1978 .

[127]  N. Sasao,et al.  Deep Inelastic e p Asymmetry Measurements and Comparison with the Bjorken Sum Rule and Models of Proton Spin Structure , 1978 .

[128]  A. Skrinsky,et al.  RADIATIVE POLARIZATION: OBTAINING, CONTROL, USING , 1978 .

[129]  F. Wilczek,et al.  Sum rules for spin-dependent electroproduction- test of relativistic constituent quarks☆ , 1977 .

[130]  G. Parisi,et al.  Asymptotic Freedom in Parton Language , 1977 .

[131]  R. Carlitz,et al.  Chiral Substructure of the Nucleon , 1977 .

[132]  N. Sasao,et al.  Deep Inelastic Scattering of Polarized Electrons by Polarized Protons , 1976 .

[133]  G. Ross,et al.  Polarized Lepton - Hadron Scattering in Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories , 1976 .

[134]  H. Kagan,et al.  Measurement of asymmetries of inclusive pion production in proton--proton interactions at 6 and 11. 8 GeV/c , 1976 .

[135]  E. Witten.  Heavy Quark Contributions to Deep Inelastic Scattering , 1976 .

[136]  W. Bardeen.  Anomalous currents in gauge field theories , 1974 .

[137]  R. Donnelly,et al.  Influence of phonon dispersion on the velocity of second sound in He II , 1974 .

[138]  J. Ellis,et al.  Sum rule for deep-inelastic electroproduction from polarized protons , 1974 .

[139]  R. Heimann.  Spin dependent high frequency inelastic electron scattering and helicity flip couplings , 1973 .

[140]  J. Gunion,et al.  On the finiteness of scaling sum rules , 1973 .

[141]  G. Hooft,et al.  Regularization and Renormalization of Gauge Fields , 1972 .

[142]  W. Cottingham,et al.  SUM RULES FOR FORWARD VIRTUAL COMPTON SCATTERING. , 1970 .

[143]  J. Bjorken,et al.  INELASTIC SCATTERING OF POLARIZED LEPTONS FROM POLARIZED NUCLEONS. , 1970 .

[144]  Richard Phillips Feynman,et al.  Very high-energy collisions of hadrons , 1969 .

[145]  J. Bjorken.  Asymptotic Sum Rules at Infinite Momentum , 1969 .

[146]  S. Adler.  Axial vector vertex in spinor electrodynamics , 1969 .

[147]  N. S. Barnett,et al.  Private communication , 1969 .

[148]  J. D. Bjorken,et al.  Inelastic Electron Proton and gamma Proton Scattering, and the Structure of the Nucleon , 1969 .

[149]  J. Bjorken.  Applications of the Chiral U(6) x (6) Algebra of Current Densities , 1966 .

[150]  Sidney D. Drell,et al.  Relativistic Quantum Fields , 1965 .

[151]  Julian Schwinger,et al.  On gauge invariance and vacuum polarization , 1951 .

[152]  E. Rutherford,et al.  The scattering of alpha and beta particles by matter and the structure of the atom , 1911 .