THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRIVING SIMULATORS : TOWARD A MULTISENSORY SOLUTION

L’utilisation des simulateurs de conduite dynamiques par les chercheurs et ingenieurs est en constante progression. Cet essor est du aux nombreux avantages de la simulation sur les methodes d’investigation classiques, mais decoule egalement des rapides evolutions technologiques de ces dernieres decennies. Toutefois chaque simulateur est un prototype et il n’existe aucune norme de construction. Se pose alors la question de la validite des simulateurs et des choix quant a leur evolution. Cet article se propose de passer en revue les differents developpements entrepris sur les simulateurs dedies a la recherche ces dernieres annees, en decrivant le « pourquoi » et le « comment » de ces innovations. Nous definissons, dans un premier temps, le besoin de stimulations multisensorielles, tant pour simuler l’activite de conduite, en fournissant au conducteur les affordances capables d’induire les comportements observes en conduite reelle, mais egalement pour minimiser le risque de cinetoses via la presentation d’informations congruentes. Nous decrivons ensuite les principales interfaces sensorielles (visuelle, de mouvement, tactilo-kinesthesique et sonore), en abordant plus precisement le probleme de restitution du mouvement longitudinal et de ses consequences en termes de comportement de freinage. Pour chacun de ces sous-systemes, nous avons tente de determiner l’influence des parametres les plus pertinents et leurs interactions. Les differentes tâches etudiees sont egalement considerees, a partir du moment ou elles ont une influence sur le choix des configurations et de la validite du simulateur. Enfin, nous abordons les limites du simulateur a travers le mal du simulateur, syndrome largement etudie ces dernieres annees, sans pour autant etre evince. Cette revue de questions rend compte de la necessite d’intensifier les recherches, non seulement pour evaluer la validite des simulateurs et leurs modifications technologiques, mais egalement pour guider leurs developpements futurs. Un tableau recapitulant les options de restitution des simulateurs de conduite actuels et representatif de la diversite des configurations viendra clore cet etat de l’art.

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