Monolayer 2D quantum materials subjected to gamma irradiation in high-vacuum for nuclear and space applications

The stability and reliability of emerging two-dimensional (2D) quantum materials subjected to harsh environments, such as high-energy radiation, are of high importance, particularly in the fields of space, defense, and energy applications. In this work, we explored the effects of gamma radiation on the structural and optical properties of monolayer WSe2 and WS2 crystals. Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies were employed to study and probe radiation-induced changes to the samples after exposure to intense gamma radiation (from a 60Co source) in a high-vacuum environment (∼1 × 10−6 Torr) and with various exposure times to vary the total accumulated dosage (up to ∼56 Mrad). In general, very small changes in optical or vibrational properties were observed compared to pristine samples, suggesting noteworthy stability even for high dosages of gamma radiation. Moreover, we found that WSe2 monolayer samples exhibited higher tolerance to gamma radiation compared to WS2 samples. These findings highlight the inherent stability of these 2D quantum materials in harsh radioactive environments, which motivates further investigation of their optical, electrical, and structural properties and exploration for use in future space, energy, and defense applications.

[1]  Chung-Che Huang,et al.  A comprehensive study on the effects of gamma radiation on the physical properties of a two-dimensional WS2monolayer semiconductor , 2020, Nanoscale Horizons.

[2]  Zabihollah Ahmadi,et al.  Accelerated synthesis of atomically-thin 2D quantum materials by a novel laser-assisted synthesis technique , 2019, 2D Materials.

[3]  E. Yang,et al.  Effects of solvents and polymer on photoluminescence of transferred WS2 monolayers , 2019, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B.

[4]  Zabihollah Ahmadi,et al.  Application of lasers in the synthesis and processing of two-dimensional quantum materials , 2019, Journal of laser applications.

[5]  Zabihollah Ahmadi,et al.  Self-limiting laser crystallization and direct writing of 2D materials , 2019, International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing.

[6]  Tobias Vogl,et al.  Radiation tolerance of two-dimensional material-based devices for space applications , 2018, Nature Communications.

[7]  G. Yoo,et al.  CdSe/ZnS quantum dot encapsulated MoS2 phototransistor for enhanced radiation hardness , 2019, Scientific Reports.

[8]  S. Campbell,et al.  Controlled p-type substitutional doping in large-area monolayer WSe2 crystals grown by chemical vapor deposition. , 2018, Nanoscale.

[9]  L. Weston,et al.  Monolayer to Bulk Properties of Hexagonal Boron Nitride , 2018, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

[10]  Sohail Ahmed,et al.  Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Their Charge Carrier Mobilities in Field-Effect Transistors , 2017, Nano-micro letters.

[11]  B. Sumpter,et al.  High Conduction Hopping Behavior Induced in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by Percolating Defect Networks: Toward Atomically Thin Circuits , 2017, 1705.05503.

[12]  B. Ozden,et al.  Raman and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Investigation of the Effect of Gamma-Ray Irradiation on MoS2 , 2017 .

[13]  Moon J. Kim,et al.  MoS2 transistors with 1-nanometer gate lengths , 2016, Science.

[14]  F. Koppens,et al.  High Quality Factor Mechanical Resonators Based on WSe2 Monolayers , 2016, Nano letters.

[15]  T. Mallouk,et al.  Distinct photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy signatures for identifying highly crystalline WS_2 monolayers produced by different growth methods , 2016 .

[16]  Hao Li,et al.  Near-Infrared Photodetector Based on MoS2/Black Phosphorus Heterojunction , 2016 .

[17]  Fengnian Xia,et al.  Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Materials beyond Graphene. , 2015, ACS nano.

[18]  B. Sumpter,et al.  Observation of two distinct negative trions in tungsten disulfide monolayers , 2015 .

[19]  S. Seal,et al.  Recent development in 2D materials beyond graphene , 2015 .

[20]  B. Xiang,et al.  Synthesis and Enhanced Electrochemical Catalytic Performance of Monolayer WS2(1–x)Se2x with a Tunable Band Gap , 2015, Advances in Materials.

[21]  C. Sow,et al.  Atomic healing of defects in transition metal dichalcogenides. , 2015, Nano letters.

[22]  G. Duscher,et al.  Pulsed Laser Deposition of Photoresponsive Two‐Dimensional GaSe Nanosheet Networks , 2014 .

[23]  Dumitru Dumcenco,et al.  Electrical transport properties of single-layer WS2. , 2014, ACS nano.

[24]  Ying Dai,et al.  Tunable electronic and dielectric behavior of GaS and GaSe monolayers. , 2013, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[25]  Hua Zhang,et al.  The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. , 2013, Nature chemistry.

[26]  Qing Hua Wang,et al.  Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. , 2012, Nature nanotechnology.

[27]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Electronic structure of transition metal dichalcogenides monolayers 1H-MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se, Te) from ab-initio theory: new direct band gap semiconductors , 2012 .

[28]  Kazuya Yoshida,et al.  Gamma-ray irradiation test of electric components of rescue mobile robot Quince , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics.

[29]  刘明,et al.  γ radiation caused graphene defects and increased carrier density , 2011 .

[30]  J. R. Srour,et al.  Radiation effects on microelectronics in space , 1988, Proc. IEEE.

[31]  P. S. Winokur,et al.  Predicting CMOS Inverter Response in Nuclear and Space Environments , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[32]  C. D. Watson,et al.  GAMMA RADIATION DAMAGE STUDIES OF ORGANIC PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND GASKETS , 1956 .

[33]  Ting Yu,et al.  Optical Properties of 2D Semiconductor WS2 , 2018 .

[34]  Samuel Glasstone,et al.  The Effects of Nuclear Weapons , 1952 .