Stereotype effects of attributions, predictions, and evaluations: No two social judgments are quite alike.

The effects of stereotypes on attributions, predictions, and evaluations were examined in 2 experiments. Black out-group targets and White in-group targets were described in stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent ways. Stereotype-inconsistent behavior (a) was attributed to external causes or to effort, an internal stable cause for the out-group; (b) undermined predictions of future similar behavior, but only for the out-group; and (c) resulted in more extreme evaluations in the direction of the inconsistency. Attributions mediated the relationship between race and target evaluations. A model is presented that emphasizes the importance of distinguishing among different types of social judgments in assessing stereotype effects

[1]  R. Dienstbier.  Positive and negative prejudice: Interactions of prejudice with race and social desirability , 1970 .

[2]  Eugene Borgida,et al.  Attribution and the psychology of prediction. , 1975 .

[3]  C. Carver,et al.  Favorable Evaluations of Stigmatized Others , 1977 .

[4]  Thomas E. Nelson,et al.  Stereotypes and Standards of Judgment , 1991 .

[5]  J. Dovidio,et al.  The aversive form of racism. , 1986 .

[6]  B. Weiner.  An attributional theory of motivation and emotion , 1986 .

[7]  M. Zanna,et al.  Attitudes and Attitude Change , 1993 .

[8]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  Attributions as inferences and explanations: conjunction effects , 1986 .

[9]  J. Harvey,et al.  Unsolicited interpretation and recall of interpersonal events. , 1980 .

[10]  J. Dovidio,et al.  Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism , 1986 .

[11]  J. Leyens,et al.  A Priori Vs Spontaneous Models of Attribution - the Case of Gender and Achievement , 1987 .

[12]  D. Russell.  The Causal Dimension Scale: A measure of how individuals perceive causes. , 1982 .

[13]  E. E. Jones,et al.  Mental illness, predictability, and affective consequences as stimulus factors in person perception. , 1963, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[14]  Nyla R. Branscombe,et al.  In-Group or Out-Group Extemity: Importance of the Threatened Social Identity , 1993 .

[15]  J. B. Mcconahay,et al.  Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale. , 1986 .

[16]  L. Vaughn,et al.  Reducing the Expression of Racial Prejudice , 1991 .

[17]  Jerome Kagan,et al.  Emotions, cognition, and behavior , 1988 .

[18]  B. Gutek,et al.  Sex Effects on Evaluation , 1980 .

[19]  J. Dovidio,et al.  Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representations☆ , 1986 .

[20]  D. Ronis,et al.  Understanding the meaning of achievement attributions: A test of derived locus and stability scores. , 1983 .

[21]  P. Devine.  Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. , 1989 .

[22]  S. Graham,et al.  Attributional mediators of evaluation, expectancy, and affect: A response time analysis. , 1988 .

[23]  Diane M. Mackie,et al.  Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception. , 1993 .

[24]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  Attributions as inferences and explanations: Effects on discounting. , 1988 .

[25]  B. Weiner,et al.  Perceiving the Causes of Success and Failure , 1989 .

[26]  A. Tversky,et al.  On the psychology of prediction , 1973 .

[27]  D. A. Kenny,et al.  The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[28]  J. Bailey,et al.  Cross-Racial Appraisal as Related to Attitude Ambivalence and Cognitive Complexity , 1991 .

[29]  J. Harvey,et al.  New Directions in Attribution Research , 2018 .

[30]  L. A. Sullivan,et al.  The Effects of Positive Information on Evaluations of Black and White Targets by Black and White Subjects , 1987 .

[31]  S. Hampson,et al.  Forming impressions from incongruent traits. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[32]  Edward McAuley,et al.  Measuring causal attributions for success and failure: A comparison of methodologies for assessing causal dimensions. , 1987 .

[33]  Timothy W. Elig,et al.  Measuring causal attibutions for success and failure. , 1979 .

[34]  B. Wallston,et al.  Blacks and Women Must Try Harder , 1982 .

[35]  E. E. Jones,et al.  Polarized appraisals of out-group members. , 1980 .

[36]  K. Deaux,et al.  Explanations of successful performance on sex-linked tasks: What is skill for the male is luck for the female. , 1974 .

[37]  A. P. Macdonald.  More on the Protestant Ethic. , 1972 .

[38]  F. Gibbons,et al.  Reactions to stigmatized others: Response amplification vs sympathy , 1980 .

[39]  L. Jussim.  Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: A Theoretical and Integrative Review. , 1986 .

[40]  Vincent Yzerbyt,et al.  The black sheep effect: Judgmental extremity towards ingroup members in inter‐and intra‐group situations , 1988 .

[41]  S. Fiske,et al.  The Handbook of Social Psychology , 1935 .

[42]  Irwin Katz,et al.  Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. , 1988 .

[43]  F. Heider.  The psychology of interpersonal relations , 1958 .

[44]  Eugene Borgida,et al.  Sex stereotypes and social judgment , 1980 .

[45]  S. Gaertner,et al.  Racial stereotypes: associations and ascription of positive and negative characteristic , 1983 .

[46]  L. Ross.  The Intuitive Psychologist And His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process1 , 1977 .

[47]  D. Ilgen,et al.  Factors Affecting the Evaluation and Development of Minorities in Organizations. , 1984 .

[48]  I. Ajzen,et al.  A Bayesian analysis of attribution processes. , 1975 .

[49]  Madeline E. Heilman,et al.  Sex bias in work settings: The Lack of Fit model. , 1983 .

[50]  D. Watson,et al.  Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. , 1988, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[51]  Thomas F. Pettigrew,et al.  The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport's Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice , 1979 .

[52]  A. Tesser,et al.  Effects of affective and cognitive focus on the attitude–behavior relation. , 1986 .

[53]  Clark McCauley,et al.  Stereotyping: From prejudice to prediction. , 1980 .

[54]  S. M. Baker,et al.  Measurement of Racial Stereotype Subtyping , 1991 .

[55]  P. Linville,et al.  The complexity–extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. , 1982 .

[56]  Charles Antaki,et al.  Analysing everyday explanation : a casebook of methods , 1989 .

[57]  Klaus Fielder,et al.  Causal schemata: Review and criticism of research on a popular construct. , 1982 .

[58]  L. Jussim,et al.  The nature of stereotypes: a comparison and integration of three theories , 1987 .

[59]  R. Zajonc,et al.  Affect and cognition: The hard interface. , 1985 .

[60]  Miles Hewstone,et al.  INTERGROUP ATTRIBUTIONS FOR SUCCESS AND FAILURE - GROUP-SERVING BIAS AND GROUP-SERVING CAUSAL SCHEMATA , 1990 .

[61]  Steven J. Breckler,et al.  Affect versus evaluation in the structure of attitudes , 1989 .