TOPSAR: Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans

In this paper, a novel (according to the authors' knowledge) type of scanning synthetic aperture radar (ScanSAR) that solves the problems of scalloping and azimuth-varying ambiguities is introduced. The technique employs a very simple counterrotation of the radar beam in the opposite direction to a SPOT: hence, the name terrain observation with progressive scan (TOPS). After a short summary of the characteristics of the ScanSAR technique and its problems, TOPSAR, which is the technique of design, the limits, and a focusing technique are introduced. A synthetic example based on a possible future system follows

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