Annealing-free efficient vacuum-deposited planar perovskite solar cells with evaporated fullerenes as electron-selective layers

Abstract We present efficient metal oxide-free and annealing-free planar perovskite solar cells with the regular cell structure using vacuum-deposited fullerenes C 60 and C 70 as the electron-selective layers and vacuum-processed perovskites as the light absorbers. The devices with an ultrathin C 60 layer (5.5 nm) yielded an average power conversion efficiency of 14.3% and a maximum efficiency of 15.7%. The best-performing cell produced a steady-state efficiency of 14.6%. The high performance is attributed to the efficient blocking of holes and extraction of electrons by C 60 due to a favorable energy level alignment between the C 60 and the fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes. With the realization of efficient cells, the annealing-free vacuum deposition of perovskite absorbers and C 60 or C 70 electron-selective layers and intermediate layers demonstrates its power for fabricating all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

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