TM-2012-217361 Evaluating Shielding Approaches to Reduce Space Radiation Cancer Risks

................................................................................................................................... iv 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Basic Concepts in Radiation Protection and Shielding .................................................... 1 2.1 Shielding of Galactic Cosmic Rays ...................................................................... 2 2.2 Shielding of Solar Particle Events ........................................................................ 7 2.3 Novel and In-situ Shielding Materials .................................................................. 9 2.4 Shielding Performance Tests ................................................................................ 9 3.0 Cancer Risk Projection Model.......................................................................................... 10 3.1 Adjusting U.S. Cancer Rates for Never-Smokers Cancer Estimates .................... 11 3.2 Space Radiation and Organ Exposures ................................................................ 13 3.3 Uncertainty Analysis ............................................................................................ 19 3.4 Shielding Performance Tests ................................................................................ 21 4.0 Results and Discussion ..................................................................................................... 22 5.0 Conclusions ..... ............................................................................................................... 23 6.0 References ........................................................................................................................ 33 Evaluating shielding approaches to reduce space radiation cancer risks (NASA TM-2012-217361). Cucinotta FA, Kim MYH, Chappell LJ. https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/articles/CucinottaKimChappell0512.pdf. Date posted: 06-01-2012.

[1]  R. Sievert,et al.  Book Reviews : Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (as amended 1959 and revised 1962). I.C.R.P. Publication 6. 70 pp. PERGAMON PRESS. Oxford, London and New York, 1964. £1 5s. 0d. [TB/54] , 1964 .

[2]  Herman Yagoda,et al.  Nuclear Research Emulsions , 1964 .

[3]  M. Moeschberger,et al.  Survival Models and Data Analysis , 1980 .

[4]  R. Fry,et al.  Extrapolation of the relative risk of radiogenic neoplasms across mouse strains and to man. , 1988, Radiation research.

[5]  John W. Norbury,et al.  Transport Methods and Inter-actions for Space Radiations , 2003 .

[6]  P. M. O'Neill,et al.  An improved model of galactic cosmic radiation for space exploration missions , 1991 .

[7]  J. Wilson,et al.  Galactic cosmic ray transport methods: past, present, and future. , 1994, Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research.

[8]  J. Wilson,et al.  RADIATION PROTECTION : GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS , 2022 .

[9]  M. Thun,et al.  Excess mortality among cigarette smokers: changes in a 20-year interval. , 1995, American journal of public health.

[10]  J. Wilson,et al.  Light ion components of the galactic cosmic rays: nuclear interactions and transport theory. , 1996, Advances in space research : the official journal of the Committee on Space Research.

[11]  F A Cucinotta,et al.  The effects of delta rays on the number of particle-track traversals per cell in laboratory and space exposures. , 1998, Radiation research.

[12]  Richard Wakeford,et al.  Uncertainties in Fatal Cancer Risk Estimates Used in Radiation Protection , 1998 .

[13]  F. Cucinotta,et al.  Requirements for Simulating Space Radiation With Particle Accelerators , 1998 .

[14]  F. Yuan,et al.  SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) , 1999 .

[15]  J. Wilson,et al.  Approach and issues relating to shield material design to protect astronauts from space radiation. , 2001, Materials & design.

[16]  Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff,et al.  Radiation and the microenvironment – tumorigenesis and therapy , 2005, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[17]  Francis A. Cucinotta,et al.  Evaluating shielding effectiveness for reducing space radiation cancer risks , 2006 .

[18]  Marco Durante,et al.  Cancer risk from exposure to galactic cosmic rays: implications for space exploration by human beings. , 2006, The Lancet. Oncology.

[19]  D. L. Preston,et al.  Solid Cancer Incidence in Atomic Bomb Survivors: 1958–1998 , 2007, Radiation research.

[20]  D. Hassler,et al.  Description of light ion production cross sections and fluxes on the Mars surface using the QMSFRG model , 2007, Radiation and environmental biophysics.

[21]  D. Pierce,et al.  Improved Estimates of Cancer Site-Specific Risks for A-Bomb Survivors , 2008, Radiation research.

[22]  F. Cucinotta,et al.  Probalistic Assessment of Radiation Risk for Solar Particle Events , 2008 .

[23]  K. Mills,et al.  Heavy ion carcinogenesis and human space exploration , 2008 .

[24]  Erika Avila-Tang,et al.  Lung Cancer Occurrence in Never-Smokers: An Analysis of 13 Cohorts and 22 Cancer Registry Studies , 2008, PLoS medicine.

[25]  M. Hayat,et al.  Using high-energy proton fluence to improve risk prediction for consequences of solar particle events , 2009 .

[26]  F. Cucinotta,et al.  MODELING THE ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS OF ASTRONAUTS FROM EXPOSURE TO LARGE SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS , 2009, Health physics.

[27]  Michael M. Weil,et al.  Incidence of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice Irradiated with 1 GeV/nucleon 56Fe Ions , 2009, Radiation research.

[28]  Office on Smoking.  How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General , 2010 .

[29]  Francis A Cucinotta,et al.  Non-targeted effects and the dose response for heavy ion tumor induction. , 2010, Mutation research.

[30]  D. Preston,et al.  Radiation and Smoking Effects on Lung Cancer Incidence among Atomic Bomb Survivors , 2010, Radiation research.

[31]  Francis A. Cucinotta,et al.  Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections and Uncertainties - 2010 , 2011 .

[32]  Francis A Cucinotta,et al.  Updates to Astronaut Radiation Limits: Radiation Risks for Never-Smokers , 2011, Radiation research.

[33]  Marco Durante,et al.  Physical basis of radiation protection in space travel , 2011 .

[34]  Bent Stamnes.  Texas , 2000, SIGGRAPH '11.

[35]  Minli Wang,et al.  Radiation Carcinogenesis Risk Assessments for Never-smokers , 2012, Health physics.