After-effects of geomagnetic storms: statistical analysis and theoretical explanation

Our previous studies have shown the presence of daytime positive electron density disturb-ances during several days after the start of the recovery phase. The aim of this paper is to study after-effects of geomagnetic storms (after-storm effects), i.e. ionospher-ic effects observed on the 3–5th day after the beginning of the storm recovery phase. From numerical calcula-tions with the GSM TIP model, we have found the main mechanisms for the formation of the after-storm effects. Using Irkutsk (52° N, 104° E) and Kaliningrad (54° N, 20° E) ionosonde data, we have carried out a statistical analysis of daytime ionospheric responses to geomagnetic storms. As a result of the analysis, we obtained averaged ionospheric responses at the beginning of the storm recovery phase and for five consecutive days. The statistical analysis results received near the beginning of the recovery phase are in good agreement with the well-known ionospheric effects of geomagnetic storms obtained in previous studies. For the first time, the obtained statistics of iono-spheric responses observed on the 3–5th day after the beginning of the recovery phase allowed us to reveal the dependence of after-storm ionospheric effects on season, storm intensity, and ionosonde geomagnetic latitude. In addition, we for the first time present the interpretation of after-storm ionospheric effects from numerical simulation results.

[1]  E. B. Vasiliev,et al.  Disturbances of the thermosphere-ionosphere-plasmasphere system and auroral electrojet at 30°E longitude during the St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm on 17–23 March 2015 , 2018, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics.

[2]  G. W. Prölss.  Ionospheric F-Region Storms , 2017 .

[3]  V. Klimenko,et al.  Similarity and differences in morphology and mechanisms of the fo F2 and TEC disturbances during the geomagnetic storms on 26–30 September 2011 , 2017 .

[4]  V. Klimenko,et al.  Influence of geomagnetic storms of September 26–30, 2011, on the ionosphere and HF radiowave propagation. II. radiowave propagation , 2017, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy.

[5]  N. Pedatella.  Impact of the lower atmosphere on the ionosphere response to a geomagnetic superstorm , 2016 .

[6]  V. Klimenko,et al.  Influence of geomagnetic storms of September 26–30, 2011, on the ionosphere and HF radiowave propagation. I. Ionospheric effects , 2015, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy.

[7]  E. Andreeva,et al.  TEC evidence for near‐equatorial energy deposition by 30 keV electrons in the topside ionosphere , 2013, 1307.2071.

[8]  Y. Otsuka,et al.  Physical mechanisms of the ionospheric storms at equatorial and higher latitudes during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms , 2013 .

[9]  И.Н. Модин.  Численное моделирование электрического потенциала и магнитного поля заряженного тела , 2013 .

[10]  G. W. Prölss.  Ionospheric Storms at Mid‐Latitude: A Short Review , 2013 .

[11]  V. Klimenko,et al.  Ionospheric effects caused by the series of geomagnetic storms of September 9–14, 2005 , 2011 .

[12]  Michael Mendillo,et al.  Storms in the ionosphere: Patterns and processes for total electron content , 2006 .

[13]  M. Buonsanto.  Ionospheric Storms — A Review , 1999 .

[14]  V. A. Surotkin,et al.  Calculated and observed ionospheric parameters for a Magion 2 passage and EISCAT data on July 31, 1990 , 1998 .

[15]  V. A. Surotkin,et al.  Global numerical model of the Earth's thermosphere, ionosphere and protonosphere. , 1990 .

[16]  N. Spencer,et al.  Some properties of upper atmosphere dynamics , 1978 .

[17]  M. A. O. Ignacio,et al.  How to cite this article , 2016 .

[18]  P. Field,et al.  The response of the ionospheric F2-layer to geomagnetic activity: an analysis of worldwide data , 1997 .

[19]  Gerd W. Prölss,et al.  On explaining the local time variation of ionospheric storm effects , 1993 .

[20]  С И Акасофу,et al.  Солнечно-земная физика , 1974 .