Effects of acoustic levitation on the development of zebrafish, Danio rerio, embryos

Acoustic levitation provides potential to characterize and manipulate material such as solid particles and fluid in a wall-less environment. While attempts to levitate small animals have been made, the biological effects of such levitation have been scarcely documented. Here, our goal was to explore if zebrafish embryos can be levitated (peak pressures at the pressure node and anti-node: 135 dB and 144 dB, respectively) with no effects on early development. We levitated the embryos (n = 94) at 2–14 hours post fertilization (hpf) for 1000 (n = 47) or 2000 seconds (n = 47). We compared the size and number of trunk neuromasts and otoliths in sonicated samples to controls (n = 94), and found no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). While mortality rate was lower in the control group (22.3%) compared to that in the 1000 s (34.0%) and 2000 s (42.6%) levitation groups, the differences were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). The results suggest that acoustic levitation for less than 2000 sec does not interfere with the development of zebrafish embryos, but may affect mortality rate. Acoustic levitation could potentially be used as a non-contacting wall-less platform for characterizing and manipulating vertebrae embryos without causing major adverse effects to their development.

[1]  J. Lewis,et al.  Early ear development in the embryo of the Zebrafish, Danio rerio , 1996, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[2]  T. Donnelly,et al.  An in-vacuo optical levitation trap for high-intensity laser interaction experiments with isolated microtargets. , 2015, The Review of scientific instruments.

[3]  Michael Brand,et al.  Adult neurogenesis and brain regeneration in zebrafish , 2012, Developmental neurobiology.

[4]  H. Burgess,et al.  Modulation of locomotor activity in larval zebrafish during light adaptation , 2007, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[5]  B. Wood,et al.  A portable Raman acoustic levitation spectroscopic system for the identification and environmental monitoring of algal cells. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[6]  S. Sun,et al.  Histone deacetylase activity is required for embryonic posterior lateral line development , 2014, Cell proliferation.

[7]  K. P. Birch,et al.  An Updated Edln Equation for the Refractive Index of Air , 1993 .

[8]  D. H. Rank,et al.  The Index of Refraction of Air , 1959 .

[9]  Jeffry D. Sander,et al.  Efficient In Vivo Genome Editing Using RNA-Guided Nucleases , 2013, Nature Biotechnology.

[10]  Michael Granato,et al.  Sensorimotor Gating in Larval Zebrafish , 2007, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[11]  J. Popp,et al.  Raman acoustic levitation spectroscopy of red blood cells and Plasmodium falciparum trophozoites. , 2007, Lab on a chip.

[12]  M. Allende,et al.  Regeneration in zebrafish lateral line neuromasts: Expression of the neural progenitor cell marker sox2 and proliferation‐dependent and‐independent mechanisms of hair cell renewal , 2007, Developmental neurobiology.

[13]  Kentaro Nakamura,et al.  Measurements of air-borne ultrasound by detecting the modulation in optical refractive index of air , 2002, 2002 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2002. Proceedings..

[14]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  Mutations affecting development of the zebrafish inner ear and lateral line. , 1996, Development.

[15]  Alexander Scheeline,et al.  Design and implementation of an efficient acoustically levitated drop reactor for in stillo measurements. , 2007, The Review of scientific instruments.

[16]  Zuzana Slegrová,et al.  A comparison measurement of nonlinear ultrasonic waves in tubes by a microphone and by an optical interferometric probe. , 2005, Ultrasonics.

[17]  S. Rozov,et al.  The histaminergic system regulates wakefulness and orexin/hypocretin neuron development via histamine receptor H1 in zebrafish , 2011, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[18]  Drew N. Robson,et al.  Brain-wide neuronal dynamics during motor adaptation in zebrafish , 2012, Nature.

[19]  C. Kimmel,et al.  The development and behavioral characteristics of the startle response in the zebra fish. , 1974, Developmental psychobiology.

[20]  S. Haggarty,et al.  Zebrafish Behavioral Profiling Links Drugs to Biological Targets and Rest/Wake Regulation , 2010, Science.

[21]  E. H. Trinh,et al.  Compact acoustic levitation device for studies in fluid dynamics and material science in the laboratory and microgravity , 1985 .

[22]  S. Kumaran,et al.  Effect of salinity on development of zebrafish , Brachydanio rerio , 2001 .

[23]  Eva A Naumann,et al.  Monitoring Neural Activity with Bioluminescence during Natural Behavior , 2010, Nature Neuroscience.

[24]  A. Ghysen,et al.  The lateral line microcosmos. , 2007, Genes & development.

[25]  U. Manne,et al.  Nanomagnetic levitation three-dimensional cultures of breast and colorectal cancers. , 2015, The Journal of surgical research.

[26]  S. Chung,et al.  Containerless protein crystal growth in rotating levitated drops , 1998 .

[27]  S. P. Robinson,et al.  Application and assessment of laser Doppler velocimetry for underwater acoustic measurements. , 2003 .

[28]  Karl Bücks,et al.  Über einige Beobachtungen an schwingenden Piezoquarzen und ihrem Schallfeld , 1933 .

[29]  A. Hudspeth,et al.  Dynamic gene expression by putative hair-cell progenitors during regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[30]  Daniel F Voytas,et al.  A TALE of two nucleases: gene targeting for the masses? , 2011, Zebrafish.

[31]  Jesús Pujol-Martí,et al.  Developmental and architectural principles of the lateral-line neural map , 2013, Front. Neural Circuits.

[32]  W. Qin,et al.  Gene miles-apart is required for formation of otic vesicle and hair cells in zebrafish , 2013, Cell Death and Disease.

[33]  J. Brillo,et al.  Relation between self-diffusion and viscosity in dense liquids: new experimental results from electrostatic levitation. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[34]  Thomas Schwarz,et al.  Acoustofluidics 6: Experimental characterization of ultrasonic particle manipulation devices. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[35]  J. Haug,et al.  Gene-expression analysis of hair cell regeneration in the zebrafish lateral line , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[36]  P. Panula,et al.  Presenilin1 Regulates Histamine Neuron Development and Behavior in Zebrafish, Danio rerio , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[37]  M. Sundvik,et al.  The comparative neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of zebrafish CNS systems of relevance to human neuropsychiatric diseases , 2010, Neurobiology of Disease.

[38]  W. J. Xie,et al.  Acoustic method for levitation of small living animals , 2006 .

[39]  L. Li,et al.  Effect of salinity on development of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio , 2001 .

[40]  Despina Bazou,et al.  Gene Expression Analysis of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Following Levitation in an Ultrasound Standing Wave Trap , 2011, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[41]  M. Pavlidis,et al.  Adaptive changes in zebrafish brain in dominant–subordinate behavioral context , 2011, Behavioural Brain Research.

[42]  P. Panula,et al.  Organization of the histaminergic system in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain: Neuron number, location, and cotransmitters , 2012, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[43]  Daisuke Koyama,et al.  Noncontact ultrasonic transportation of small objects over long distances in air using a bending vibrator and a reflector , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control.

[44]  Dimos Poulikakos,et al.  Acoustophoretic contactless transport and handling of matter in air , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.