Structures outside the basal ganglia may compensate for dopamine loss in the presymptomatic stages of Parkinson's disease.

SPECIFIC AIMSThe widely held concept of basal ganglia-mediated compensation postulates that the appearance of Parkinson’s disease motor abnormalities closely reflects the breakdown of the striatal ...

[1]  E. Bézard,et al.  Upregulation of Striatal Preproenkephalin Gene Expression Occurs before the Appearance of Parkinsonian Signs in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Monkeys , 2001, Neurobiology of Disease.

[2]  E. Bézard,et al.  Compensatory mechanisms in experimental and human Parkinsonism: towards a dynamic approach , 1998, Progress in Neurobiology.

[3]  U Sabatini,et al.  Cortical motor overactivation in parkinsonian patients with L-dopa-induced peak-dose dyskinesia. , 1998, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[4]  E. Bézard,et al.  A chronic MPTP model reproducing the slow evolution of Parkinson's disease: evolution of motor symptoms in the monkey , 1997, Brain Research.

[5]  J R Moeller,et al.  Early differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease with 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography , 1995, Neurology.

[6]  T. Ishikawa,et al.  Assessment of disease severity in parkinsonism with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and PET. , 1995, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[7]  E. Hirsch,et al.  Plasticity of nerve afferents to nigrostriatal neurons in parkinson's disease , 1995, Annals of neurology.

[8]  A. Parent,et al.  Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop , 1995, Brain Research Reviews.

[9]  H. Bergman,et al.  The primate subthalamic nucleus. II. Neuronal activity in the MPTP model of parkinsonism. , 1994, Journal of neurophysiology.

[10]  P. Strick,et al.  Multiple output channels in the basal ganglia. , 1993, Science.

[11]  W Fernandez,et al.  Impaired activation of the supplementary motor area in Parkinson's disease is reversed when akinesia is treated with apomorphine , 1992, Annals of neurology.

[12]  I. Mitchell,et al.  A 2-deoxyglucose study of the effects of dopamine agonists on the parkinsonian primate brain. Implications for the neural mechanisms that mediate dopamine agonist-induced dyskinesia. , 1992, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[13]  U Sabatini,et al.  Supplementary and primary sensory motor area activity in Parkinson's disease. Regional cerebral blood flow changes during finger movements and effects of apomorphine. , 1992, Archives of neurology.

[14]  L. Tremblay,et al.  Abnormal spontaneous activity of globus pallidus neurons in monkeys with MPTP-induced parkinsonism , 1991, Brain Research.

[15]  M. Delong,et al.  Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin , 1990, Trends in Neurosciences.

[16]  G. E. Alexander,et al.  Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing , 1990, Trends in Neurosciences.

[17]  A. Grace,et al.  Compensations after lesions of central dopaminergic neurons: some clinical and basic implications , 1990, Trends in Neurosciences.

[18]  A. Crane,et al.  Local cerebral glucose utilization in monkeys with hemiparkinsonism induced by intracarotid infusion of the neurotoxin MPTP , 1990, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[19]  R. G. Robertson,et al.  Neural mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms based upon regional uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in monkeys exposed to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine , 1989, Neuroscience.

[20]  I. Mitchell,et al.  The role of the subthalamic nucleus in experimental chorea. Evidence from 2-deoxyglucose metabolic mapping and horseradish peroxidase tracing studies. , 1989, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[21]  Stephen M. Stahl,et al.  Cerebral metabolism of Parkinsonian primates 21 days after MPTP , 1988, Experimental Neurology.

[22]  J. Tanji,et al.  Neuronal activity in cortical motor areas related to ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral digit movements of the monkey. , 1988, Journal of neurophysiology.

[23]  I. Mitchell,et al.  Neural mechanisms mediating 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in the monkey: Relative contributions of the striatopallidal and striatonigral pathways as suggested by 2-deoxyglucose uptake , 1986, Neuroscience Letters.

[24]  I. Mitchell,et al.  Regional brain uptake of 2-deoxyglucose in N -methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)—induced parkinsonism in the macaque monkey , 1985, Neuropharmacology.

[25]  I. Mitchell,et al.  In defence of optical density ratios in 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography , 1984, Brain Research.

[26]  D. Carpenter,et al.  Apparent discrepancy between single-unit activity and [14C]deoxyglucose labeling in optic tectum of the rattlesnake. , 1983, Journal of neurophysiology.

[27]  Louis Sokoloff,et al.  Activity‐dependent Energy Metabolism in Rat Posterior Pituitary Primarily Reflects Sodium Pump Activity , 1980, Journal of neurochemistry.

[28]  W J Schwartz,et al.  Metabolic mapping of functional activity in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. , 1979, Science.

[29]  M. Reivich,et al.  THE [14C]DEOXYGLUCOSE METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF LOCAL CEREBRAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION: THEORY, PROCEDURE, AND NORMAL VALUES IN THE CONSCIOUS AND ANESTHETIZED ALBINO RAT 1 , 1977, Journal of neurochemistry.

[30]  J. Parkinson AN ESSAY ON THE SHAKING PALSY , 1969 .

[31]  O. Hornykiewicz,et al.  Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behavior in diseases of the extrapyramidal system. , 1960, Parkinsonism & related disorders.

[32]  D J Brooks,et al.  Impaired activation of frontal areas during movement in Parkinson's disease: a PET study. , 1993, Advances in neurology.

[33]  J R Moeller,et al.  The metabolic anatomy of Parkinson's disease: Complementary [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [18F]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies , 1990, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[34]  S J Kish,et al.  Biochemical pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. , 1987, Advances in neurology.

[35]  A J Cross,et al.  N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism in the monkey: neurochemical pathology and regional brain metabolism. , 1986, Journal of neural transmission. Supplementum.

[36]  M. Zigmond,et al.  Adaptive Properties of Monoaminergic Neurons , 1985 .