Evolution and Ontogenetic Development of Cortical Structures

The cerebral cortex controls our unique higher cognitive abilities. Modifi cations to gene expression, progenitor behavior, cell lineage, and neural circuitry have accompanied evolution of the cerebral cortex. This chapter considers the progress made over the past thirty years in defi ning potential mechanisms that contribute to cortical development and evolution. It discusses the value of model systems for understanding elaboration of cortical organization in humans, with an emphasis on recent technical and conceptual advances. It then examines our current understanding of the molecular and cellular basis for cortical development and evolution; discusses how neuronal fates are specifi ed and organized in lamina, columns, and areas; and revisits the radial unit and protomap hypotheses. Finally, it considers our current understanding of the development, stability, and plasticity of cortical circuitry. Throughout, it highlights the profound impact that new technological advances have made at the molecular and cellular level, and how this has changed our understanding of cortical development and evolution. The authors conclude by identifying critical and tractable research directions to address gaps in our understanding of cortical development and evolution. Group photos (top left to bottom right) Debra Silver, Pasko Rakic, Christopher Walsh, Takao Hensch, Elizabeth Grove, Michael Stryker, Tarik Haydar, John Rubenstein, Zoltán Molnár, Mriganka Sur, Nenad Sestan, Maria Antonietta Tosches, Wieland Huttner, Debra Silver, Mriganka Sur, Maria Antonietta Tosches, John Rubenstein, Pasko Rakic, Zoltán Molnár, Nenad Sestan, Michael Stryker From “The Neocortex,” edited by W. Singer, T. J. Sejnowski and P. Rakic. Strüngmann Forum Reports, vol. 27, J. R. Lupp, series editor. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-04324-3 62 D. L. Silver et al.

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