Detecting Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly

Cognitive impairment is age-related, becoming increasingly prevalent after 65 years of age. In community settings, its most common cause is dementing illness, usually Alzheimer’s disease, for which there is no cure. Other causes of cognitive impairment exist, including some for which specific treatment may be available. Even if the impairment is due to a dementing disorder that will progress inexorably to mental incompetence, detection is justifiable for purposes of prognosis and life planning.

[1]  J. Lanke,et al.  Current trends in the incidence of senile and multi-infarct dementia , 1983, Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten.

[2]  S. Folstein,et al.  "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. , 1975, Journal of psychiatric research.

[3]  K. Davis,et al.  RS 86 in the treatment of alzheimer's disease: Cognitive and biological effects , 1987, Biological Psychiatry.

[4]  W. Jennings.  An Ergot Alkaloid Preparation (Hydergine) Versus Placebo for Treatment of Symptoms of Cerebrovascular Insufficiency: Double‐Blind Study , 1972, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[5]  J. Strain,et al.  Screening for organic mental syndromes in the medically ill. , 1977, Annals of internal medicine.

[6]  J. Menczel,et al.  Screening for Cognitive Deficits in a Sample of Hospitalized Geriatric Patients: A Re‐evaluation of a Brief Mental Status Questionnaire , 1983, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[7]  K P Offord,et al.  A short test of mental status: description and preliminary results. , 1987, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[8]  C. Gilleard,et al.  The Clifton Assessment Schedule—Further Validation of a Psychogeriatric Assessment Schedule , 1976, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[9]  D. Rao,et al.  A double-blind investigation of hydergine in the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency in the elderly. , 1972, The Johns Hopkins medical journal.

[10]  W. Weston.  Screening for dementia in family practice. , 1987, Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien.

[11]  E. Mohr,et al.  Muscarinic agonist therapy of Alzheimer's disease. A clinical trial of RS-86. , 1986, Archives of neurology.

[12]  A. Kling,et al.  Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine in long-term treatment of senile dementia, Alzheimer??s type , 1987 .

[13]  M. Folstein,et al.  The Meaning of Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly , 1985, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[14]  M. Folstein,et al.  Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease , 1984, Neurology.

[15]  J. Langston,et al.  The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination: a brief but quantitative approach to cognitive assessment. , 1987, Annals of internal medicine.

[16]  R. Sulkava,et al.  Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire as a Screening Test for Dementia and Delirium Among the Elderly , 1987, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[17]  R. Lévy,et al.  A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. , 1985, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[18]  H. Larsson,et al.  Individual traits and morbidity in a Swedish rural population. , 1956, Acta psychiatrica et neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[19]  H. Chui,et al.  The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. , 1987, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[20]  A. Kling,et al.  Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine in long-term treatment of senile dementia, Alzheimer type. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  R. Mayeux,et al.  Effects of oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease , 1987, Annals of neurology.

[22]  L. Thal,et al.  Oral physostigmine and lecithin improve memory in Alzheimer disease , 1983, Annals of neurology.

[23]  E. Kaplan,et al.  Methodological issues in screening for dementia: the problem of education adjustment. , 1986, Journal of chronic diseases.

[24]  J. Munnichs,et al.  Double‐blind Clinical and Psychologic Study of Ergoloid Mesylates (Hydergine®) in Subjects with Senile Mental Deterioration , 1984, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[25]  A. J. Akhtar,et al.  Neurological disorders in the elderly at home. , 1976, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[26]  S. Bassett,et al.  Predicting Performance on the Mini‐Mental State Examination , 1987, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[27]  M. Folstein,et al.  Psychiatric disturbances in neurological patients: Detection, recognition, and Hospital Course , 1978, Annals of neurology.

[28]  D. Kay,et al.  Dementia and depression among the elderly living in the Hobart community: the effect of the diagnostic criteria on the prevalence rates , 1985, Psychological Medicine.

[29]  M. Roth,et al.  Mental illness and hospital usage in the elderly: a random sample followed up. , 1970, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[30]  H. Åkesson.  A population study of senile and arteriosclerotic psychoses. , 1969, Human heredity.

[31]  E. Eastman,et al.  Validity of the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire with elderly psychiatric patients. , 1984, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[32]  E. Pfeiffer.  A Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire for the Assessment of Organic Brain Deficit in Elderly Patients † , 1975, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[33]  A. Wettstein,et al.  No effect from double‐blind trial of physostigmine and lecithin in Alzheimer disease , 1983, Annals of neurology.

[34]  S. Jotkowitz.  Lack of clinical efficacy of chronic oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease , 1983, Annals of neurology.

[35]  R. Katzman.,et al.  Validation of a short Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test of cognitive impairment. , 1983, The American journal of psychiatry.

[36]  C. Gilleard,et al.  A Brief Psychogeriatric Assessment Schedule , 1975, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[37]  A. J. Campbell,et al.  Dementia in old age and the need for services. , 1983, Age and ageing.

[38]  F. Zemlan,et al.  A Controlled Double‐Blind Study of High‐Dose Dihydroergotoxine Mesylate (HydergineR) in Mild Dementia , 1987, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[39]  L. Schwamm,et al.  The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination: comparison with the Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination and the Mini-Mental State Examination in a neurosurgical population. , 1987, Annals of internal medicine.

[40]  J. Lanke,et al.  Does the Incidence of Age Psychosis Decrease , 1981 .

[41]  R. Kahn,et al.  Brain Function, Intellectual Impairment and Education in the Aged , 1978, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[42]  A M Clarfield,et al.  The reversible dementias: do they reverse? , 1988, Annals of internal medicine.

[43]  L. Thal,et al.  Chronic Oral Physostigmine Without Lecithin Improves Memory in Alzheimer's Disease , 1989, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[44]  C. Caltagirone,et al.  Oral administration of chronic physostigmine does not improve cognitive or mnesic performances in Alzheimer's presenile dementia. , 1982, The International journal of neuroscience.

[45]  K. Davis,et al.  Oral physostigmine treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. , 1985, The American journal of psychiatry.

[46]  C D Marsden,et al.  Mini-mental state examination in neurological patients. , 1984, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[47]  B. Gurland.  The Mind and mood of aging : mental health problems of the community elderly in New York and London , 1984 .

[48]  H M Hodkinson,et al.  Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. 1972. , 2012, Age and ageing.

[49]  M. Smyer,et al.  Validity Study of the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire for the Elderly * , 1979, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[50]  C. Gaitz,et al.  Pharmacotherapy for organic brain syndrome in late life. Evaluation of an ergot derivative vs placebo. , 1977, Archives of general psychiatry.

[51]  H. Weingartner,et al.  Modest facilitation on memory in dementia with combined lecithin and anticholinerestase treatment. , 1982, Biological psychiatry.

[52]  L. Thal,et al.  Oral physostigmine and lecithin improve memory in Alzheimer's disease. , 1983, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[53]  E. Larson,et al.  Coexistence of cognitive impairment and depression in geriatric outpatients. , 1982, The American journal of psychiatry.

[54]  K. Davis,et al.  Oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease. , 1983, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[55]  K. Davis,et al.  Clinical Studies of the Cholinergic Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease , 1985, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[56]  K. Davis,et al.  Clinical Studies of the Cholinergic Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease , 1985, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[57]  Hodkinson Hm.  Mental impairment in the elderly. , 1973 .

[58]  B Isaacs,et al.  The set test: a rapid test of mental function in old people. , 1972, Age and ageing.

[59]  U. K. Rinne,et al.  Mortality of patients with dementia , 1984 .

[60]  A. Bazó,et al.  An Ergot Alkaloid Preparation (Hydergine) versus Papaverine in Treating Common Complaints of the Aged: Double‐Blind Study , 1973, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[61]  D. Robertson,et al.  A Short Mental Status Questionnaire , 1982, Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement.

[62]  M. Folstein,et al.  Limits of the ‘Mini-Mental State’ as a screening test for dementia and delirium among hospital patients , 1982, Psychological Medicine.

[63]  J. Mortimer,et al.  The Epidemiology of dementia , 1981 .

[64]  J. Overall,et al.  Efficacy of oral physostigmine in primary degenerative dementia , 1985, Psychopharmacology.

[65]  R. Kahn,et al.  Brief objective measures for the determination of mental status in the aged. , 1960, The American journal of psychiatry.

[66]  J Agnew,et al.  Age‐specific norms for the Mini‐Mental State Exam , 1988, Neurology.

[67]  M. Weissman,et al.  Psychiatric disorders (DSM‐III) and cognitive impairment among the elderly in a U.S. urban community , 1985, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.