Dependence of Parking Pricing on Land Use and Time of Day

A key strategy of sustainable transportation, parking pricing can directly contribute to decreased greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. This paper describes an optimal structure of parking rates in terms of parking locations and time of day. A two-level parking model based on game theory is established using parking survey data collected in Beijing in 2014. The model was estimated based on Stackelberg game and the Nash equilibrium. Using the two-level parking model, the optimal structure of parking rates for inside/outside business zones and during peak/off-peak hours was calculated. In addition, the relationship between the government (which represents the public benefit) and car users, as well as the relationships among car users in the parking system were investigated. The results indicate that equilibrium among all of the agents in the parking system can be obtained using the proposed parking rate structure. The findings provide a better understanding of parking behavior, and the two-level parking model presented in the paper can be used to determine the optimal parking rate to balance the temporal and spatial distribution of parking demand in urban areas. This research helps reduce car use and the parking-related cruising time and thus contributes to the reduction of carbon emissions and air pollution.

[1]  D. Levinson.  Micro-foundations of congestion and pricing: A game theory perspective , 2005 .

[2]  Fang Zong,et al.  Understanding parking decisions with a Bayesian network , 2015 .

[3]  William Riggs,et al.  Dealing with parking issues on an urban campus: The case of UC Berkeley , 2014 .

[4]  Stéphanie Vincent Lyk-Jensen,et al.  Between-mode-differences in the value of travel time: Self-selection or strategic behaviour? , 2010 .

[5]  Baozhen Yao,et al.  Improved Support Vector Machine Regression in Multi-Step-Ahead Prediction for Tunnel Surrounding Rock Displacement , 2014 .

[6]  André de Palma,et al.  A Temporal and Spatial Equilibrium Analysis of Commuter Parking , 1991 .

[7]  Ram Rajagopal,et al.  Optimal Parking Pricing in General Networks with Provision of Occupancy Information , 2013 .

[8]  B. Yao,et al.  Improved support vector machine regression in multi-step-ahead prediction for rock displacement surrounding a tunnel , 2014 .

[9]  Ping Hu,et al.  Transit network design based on travel time reliability , 2014 .

[10]  T. Higgins.  Parking taxes: Effectiveness, legality and implementation, some general considerations , 1992 .

[11]  Stef Proost,et al.  Urban Transport Pricing Reform with Two Levels of Government: A Case Study of Brussels , 2006 .

[12]  J. Clinch,et al.  Influence of varied parking tariffs on parking occupancy levels by trip purpose , 2006 .

[13]  D. Hensher,et al.  Parking Demand and Responsiveness to Supply, Pricing and Location in the Sydney Central Business District , 2001 .

[14]  R. Putnam.  Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games , 1988, International Organization.

[15]  Chih-Peng Chu,et al.  Economic analysis of collecting parking fees by a private firm , 2006 .

[16]  Xumei Chen,et al.  Estimation of Travel Time Values for Urban Public Transport Passengers Based on SP Survey , 2011 .

[17]  B. Z. Yao,et al.  HYBRID MODEL FOR DISPLACEMENT PREDICTION OF TUNNEL SURROUNDING ROCK , 2012 .

[18]  Stefan Flügel.  Accounting for user type and mode effects on the value of travel time savings in project appraisal: Opportunities and challenges , 2014 .

[19]  M. Migliore,et al.  PARKING PRICING FOR A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT SYSTEM , 2014 .

[20]  Ariel Rubinstein,et al.  A Course in Game Theory , 1995 .

[21]  Stephen Ison,et al.  Market- and non-market-based approaches to traffic-related pollution: the perception of key stakeholders , 2003 .

[22]  D. Shoup.  Evaluating the effects of cashing out employer-paid parking: Eight case studies , 1997 .

[23]  Simon P. Anderson,et al.  The economics of pricing parking , 2004 .

[24]  Xiaoning Zhang,et al.  Integrated daily commuting patterns and optimal road tolls and parking fees in a linear city , 2008 .

[25]  Bin Yu,et al.  Dynamic Vehicle Dispatching at a Transfer Station in Public Transportation System , 2012 .

[26]  D. Shoup.  Cruising for Parking , 2006 .

[27]  Bo Yu,et al.  Hybrid Model for Prediction of Bus Arrival Times at Next Station , 2010 .

[28]  Jian Sun,et al.  Tunnel Surrounding Rock Displacement Prediction Using Support Vector Machine , 2010, Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst..

[29]  André de Palma,et al.  The dynamics of urban traffic congestion and the price of parking , 2013 .

[30]  Zhicai Juan,et al.  Daily Travel Time Analysis with Duration Model , 2010 .

[31]  Roger B. Myerson,et al.  Game theory - Analysis of Conflict , 1991 .

[32]  Cynthia Chen,et al.  The sensitivity of on-street parking demand in response to price changes: A case study in Seattle, WA , 2013 .

[33]  Peter Nijkamp,et al.  The economics of regulatory parking policies: the (im-)possibilities of parking policies in traffic regulation , 1995 .

[34]  Mark W Burris,et al.  The value of travel time and reliability-evidence from a stated preference survey and actual usage , 2012 .

[35]  Zhangcan Huang,et al.  A Hybrid Algorithm for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows , 2008, ISICA.

[36]  Baozhen Yao,et al.  A support vector machine with the tabu search algorithm for freeway incident detection , 2014, Int. J. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci..

[37]  李志纯,et al.  Optimization of Time-Varying Parking Charges and Parking Supply in Networks with Multiple User Classes and Multiple Parking Facilities , 2007 .

[38]  Felix Caicedo,et al.  Charging parking by the minute: What to expect from this parking pricing policy? , 2012 .