Centrifuge modelling of the use of densification as a liquefaction resistance measure for bridge foundations

Bridges built on saturated deposits of loose sand in seismically active areas are, regardless of their size, critical structures during seismic events. In fact, the location of these structures increases the risk of liquefaction-induced foundation failure. In addition, the consequence of their collapse is not limited to the direct human and economic losses but also creates a traffic impediment that severely affects postearthquake rescue of human lives and properties and imposes a long-term disruption of social life. Small to medium size bridges found in this environment are particularly vulnerable to the effects of liquefaction, as they are frequently built, especially in developing countries, on shallow foundations.