“Don’t put my name on it”: Social Capital Activation and Job‐Finding Assistance among the Black Urban Poor1

From a social capital theoretical perspective, deficiencies in access to mainstream ties and institutions explain persistent joblessness among the black urban poor. Little problematized, however, is the extent to which access leads to mobilization and the social context within which social capital activation occurs. Employing in‐depth interviews of 105 low‐income African‐Americans, this work advances the literature in two ways. First, it suggests that what we have come to view as deficiencies in access among the black urban poor may have more to do with functional deficiencies of their job referral networks. Second, the findings from this study lay the groundwork for a single, multilevel conceptual framework within which to understand social capital activation, a framework that takes into consideration properties of the individuals, dyads, and communities of residence.

[1]  Edward J. Lawler,et al.  Network structure and emotion in exchange relations , 1998 .

[2]  P. Amato,et al.  Urban-rural differences in helping friends and family members , 1993 .

[3]  Karen E. Campbell,et al.  SOCIAL RESOURCES AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS , 1986 .

[4]  N. Lin Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action , 2001 .

[5]  Deborah Page-Adams Review of Managing to Make it: Urban Families and Adolescent Success. Frank Furstenberg Jr., Thomas D. Cook, Jacquelynne Eccles, Glen H. Elder Jr., and Arnold Sameroff. Reviewed by Deborah Page-Adams, University of Kansas. , 2000, The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare.

[6]  Jessie Bernard,et al.  The Social Order of the Slum: Ethnicity and Territory in the Inner City. , 1969 .

[7]  N. Milburn To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. , 1983 .

[8]  C. Murray,et al.  Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980 , 1984 .

[9]  James William Coleman,et al.  Competition and the Structure of Industrial Society: Reply to Braithwaite , 1988, American Journal of Sociology.

[10]  William Julius Wilson,et al.  The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City , 1989 .

[11]  Nan Lin,et al.  SOCIAL NETWORKS AND STATUS ATTAINMENT , 1999 .

[12]  John L. Jackson Harlemworld: Doing Race and Class in Contemporary Black America , 2001 .

[13]  James E. Rauch,et al.  Bandwidth and Echo: Trust, Information, and Gossip in Social Networks , 2001 .

[14]  S. Smith,et al.  Mobilizing Social Resources: Race, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Social Capital and Persisting Wage Inequalities , 2000 .

[15]  Lawrence M. Mead,et al.  Beyond entitlement : the social obligations of citizenship , 1985 .

[16]  P. Kollock The Emergence of Exchange Structures: An Experimental Study of Uncertainty, Commitment, and Trust , 1994, American Journal of Sociology.

[17]  R. Sampson,et al.  Toward a Theory of Race, Crime, and Urban Inequality , 1995 .

[18]  H. Holzer,et al.  Informal Job Search and Black Youth Unemployment , 1986 .

[19]  Margery Austin Turner,et al.  Opportunities denied, opportunities diminished : racial discrimination in hiring , 1991 .

[20]  Peter V. Marsden,et al.  Social Resources and Mobility Outcomes: A Replication and Extension , 1988 .

[21]  G. Green,et al.  Racial and ethnic differences in job-search strategies in Atlanta, Boston, and Los Angeles , 1999 .

[22]  Paul M. de Graaf,et al.  The impact of social and human capital on the income attainment of Dutch managers , 1991 .

[23]  Robert Joseph Taylor,et al.  All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community , 2000 .

[24]  K. Neckerman,et al.  Hiring Strategies, Racial Bias, and Inner-City Workers , 1991 .

[25]  D. Carter Losing ground. , 1993, The IDRC reports.

[26]  P. Millar,et al.  FURSTENBERG, Frank F. Jr., Thomas D. COOK, Jacquelynne ECCLES, Glen H. ELDER, Jr., and Arnold SAMEROFF, MANAGING TO MAKE IT: Urban Families and Adolescent Success , 2002 .

[27]  R. Hauser,et al.  The Mark of a Criminal Record 1 , 2003 .

[28]  Katherine S. Newman,et al.  No Shame in My Game: The Working Poor in the Inner City , 1999 .

[29]  J. Richardson Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education , 1986 .

[30]  W. Wilson,et al.  The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy. , 1988 .

[31]  Joel Podolny A Status-Based Model of Market Competition , 1993, American Journal of Sociology.

[32]  R. Burt The contingent value of social capital. , 1997 .

[33]  E. Uehara,et al.  Dual Exchange Theory, Social Networks, and Informal Social Support , 1990, American Journal of Sociology.

[34]  G. Green,et al.  SOCIAL ISOLATION OF THE URBAN POOR: Race, Class, and Neighborhood Effects on Social Resources , 1997 .

[35]  L. Mead,et al.  The New Politics of Poverty: The Nonworking Poor in America. , 1993 .

[36]  William L. Parish Family Support Networks, Welfare, and Work among Young Mothers. , 1991 .

[37]  P. Drentea,et al.  Consequences of Women's Formal and Informal Job Search Methods for Employment in Female-Dominated Jobs , 1998 .

[38]  Geraldine Pratt,et al.  Job Search and the Occupational Segregation of Women , 1991 .

[39]  Cecilia,et al.  Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal ? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination , 2007 .

[40]  C. Shapiro Consumer Information, Product Quality, and Seller Reputation , 1982 .

[41]  Nan Lin,et al.  Access to occupations through social ties , 1986 .

[42]  Linda D. Molm,et al.  Risk and Trust in Social Exchange: An Experimental Test of a Classical Proposition , 2000, American Journal of Sociology.

[43]  W. Wilson,et al.  Book Review: When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor , 1997 .

[44]  Sally Young Conrad Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work , 1997 .

[45]  D. Hogan,et al.  Giving between generations in American families , 1990, Human nature.

[46]  Robert J. Sampson,et al.  Beyond Social Capital: Spatial Dynamics of Collective Efficacy for Children , 1999, American Sociological Review.

[47]  M. Carroll The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 1970 .

[48]  David M. Kreps Markets and Hierarchies and (Mathematical) Economic Theory , 1996 .

[49]  P. Bourdieu Forms of Capital , 2002 .

[50]  J. Coleman Foundations of Social Theory , 1990 .

[51]  Elijah Anderson,et al.  Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community , 1992 .

[52]  Robert J. Sampson,et al.  Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence , 2001 .

[53]  H. D. McKay,et al.  Juvenile delinquency and urban areas : a study of rates of delinquency in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities , 2006 .

[54]  G. Suttles THE SOCIAL ORDER OF THE SLUM Ethnicity and Territory in the Inner City , 1970 .

[55]  Xavier de Souza Briggs,et al.  Brown kids in white suburbs: Housing mobility and the many faces of social capital , 1998 .

[56]  Philip Kasinitz,et al.  Missing the Connection: Social Isolation and Employment on the Brooklyn Waterfront , 1996 .

[57]  E. Lawler,et al.  Commitment in exchange relations : test of a theory of relational cohesion , 1996 .

[58]  Alain Degenne Social capital: a theory of social structure and action , 2004 .

[59]  R. Frank Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions , 1990 .

[60]  M. Schlossberg Passions Within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions. , 1990 .

[61]  Robert B. Wilson,et al.  Game-theoretic models of bargaining: Reputations in games and markets , 1985 .

[62]  M. Lieberman,et al.  The stress process. , 1981, Journal of health and social behavior.

[63]  Roger V. Gould The Origins of Status Hierarchies: A Formal Theory and Empirical Test1 , 2002, American Journal of Sociology.

[64]  S. Hofferth Kin Networks, Race, and Family Structure. , 1984 .

[65]  R. Leidner Fast Food, Fast Talk: Service Work and the Routinization of Everyday Life , 1993 .

[66]  J. Hudson A DIAMOND ANNIVERSARY , 1979 .

[67]  Melvin L. Oliver THE URBAN BLACK COMMUNITY AS NETWORK: TOWARD A SOCIAL NETWORK PERSPECTIVE , 1988 .

[68]  J. Coleman,et al.  Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital , 1988, American Journal of Sociology.

[69]  R. Sampson,et al.  Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory , 1989, American Journal of Sociology.

[70]  J. Coleman,et al.  Public and Private High Schools: The Impact of Communities , 1987 .

[71]  Steven B. Andrews,et al.  Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition , 1995, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[72]  John L. Aguilar,et al.  Trust and Exchange:Expressive and Instrumental Dimensions of Reciprocity in a Peasant Community , 1984 .

[73]  Elijah Anderson Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City , 1999 .

[74]  L. L. Gremyako,et al.  Institute of Social Research , 1966 .

[75]  N. Lin,et al.  Social Resources and Strength of Ties: Structural Factors in Occupational Status Attainment , 1981, Social Capital, Social Support and Stratification.

[76]  K. Cook,et al.  Norms of cooperativeness and networks of trust. , 2001 .

[77]  Banfield,et al.  MORAL BASIS OF A BACKWARD SOCIETY , 1958 .

[78]  W. Wilson The truly disadvantaged : the inner city, the underclass, and public policy , 1988 .

[79]  Bruce H. Rankin,et al.  Neighborhood Poverty and the Social Isolation of Inner-City African American Families , 2000 .

[80]  Paul B Freeman,et al.  With a little help from my friends , 2013, 2013 IEEE 29th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE).

[81]  P. Blau Exchange and Power in Social Life , 1964 .

[82]  Mark S. Granovetter Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness , 1985, American Journal of Sociology.

[83]  Richard Sennett,et al.  The Hidden Injuries of Class , 1973 .

[84]  S. Cha-Jua Harlemworld: Doing Race and Class in Contemporary Black America , 2003 .