Technology as Risk

Technology is a source of risk. Technology is a risk not only because it often has unintended consequences, but also because accelerating technological change creates compound risks resulting from multiple interacting technologies. More importantly, a fast changing technological environment introduces additional risk because of the numerous social, economic, and political opportunities it creates, and because of the threats it facilitates. In a competitive world, taking advantage of these new opportunities, and protecting against emerging threats are constant battles not only for individuals, but also for businesses and governments. These risks are most pronounced in global communication, military, and banking systems, but no social institution is immune. Reduction of these risks should be a major concern for all social institutions. The undesirable consequences need to be dealt with before, not after they occur. There are numerous risk-reduction technologies that can be deployed to minimize risk while still maintaining the efficiencies created by efficiency-raising technologies.

[1]  Levent V. Orman,et al.  Potential Advantages of Virtual Institutions , 2011, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine.

[2]  Cynthia Barnhart,et al.  The Global Airline Industry , 2009 .

[3]  Paul Krugman,et al.  The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 , 2008 .

[4]  Rick Szostak,et al.  Technology and American Society: A History , 1994 .

[5]  David Boyle Funny Money: In Search of Alternative Cash , 1999 .

[6]  S. R. Jammalamadaka,et al.  Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk , 1999 .

[7]  Martin Ford,et al.  The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future , 2009 .

[8]  Alexander M. Millkey The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable , 2009 .

[9]  L. Orman THE POTENTIAL OF VIRTUAL INSTITUTIONS , 2012 .

[10]  M. Rothbard A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II , 2002 .

[11]  J. Pearl Causal inference in statistics: An overview , 2009 .

[12]  Mikkel Thorup,et al.  Virtual money , 2014 .

[13]  P. Ewald Evolution of Infectious Disease , 1993 .

[14]  J. S. Donnelly The Great Irish Potato Famine , 2001 .

[15]  Bryan E. Denham Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk , 1997 .

[16]  Curtis W Marean,et al.  When the sea saved humanity. , 2010, Scientific American.

[17]  A. Tversky,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[18]  A. Hama Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions , 2010 .

[19]  Joel Dinerstein,et al.  Technology and Its Discontents: On the Verge of the Posthuman , 2006 .

[20]  Jack Weatherford The History of Money , 1997 .

[21]  J. Galbraith A Short History of Financial Euphoria , 1993 .

[22]  Thomas O'boyle At Any Cost: Jack Welch, General Electric, and the Pursuit of Profit , 1998 .

[23]  Fred Halsall Computer Networking and the Internet , 2005 .