Fungal translocation - creating and responding to environmental heterogeneity

It has been known for a long time that fungi may transport substances in their hyphae. Experiments using radioactive tracer isotopes have greatly expanded our knowledge about translocation and have revealed that many fungi may circulate resources throughout their mycelia. This article outlines a conceptual framework for when and where net-translocation of resources takes place. Effects of substrate qualities, mycelial growth and activity as well as interactions with living plant hosts and other microorganisms are discussed and exemplified with experimental data. It is concluded that translocation from more or less remote parts of the mycelium enables fungi to colonise substrates with a low initial resource availability and to actively increase the resource availability in the substrates, turning the colonising mycelium from a resource sink into a source. Thus, translocation not only occurs in response to environmental heterogeneity, but also allows fungi to create heterogeneity in their growth environment.

[1]  James F. White,et al.  The fungal community : its organization and role in the ecosystem , 2017 .

[2]  S. Olsson,et al.  Activation of caspase-like activity and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase degradation during sporulation in Aspergillus nidulans. , 2004, Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B.

[3]  Andy F. S. Taylor,et al.  Defining nutritional constraints on carbon cycling in boreal forests – towards a less `phytocentric' perspective , 2002, Plant and Soil.

[4]  T. Kuyper,et al.  Quantification of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in soil by real-time PCR compared to conventional quantification techniques. , 2003, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[5]  J. Six,et al.  Short communication Reciprocal transfer of carbon and nitrogen by decomposer fungi at the soil -litter interface , 2003 .

[6]  E. Bååth,et al.  Fungal growth and effects of different wood decomposing fungi on the indigenous bacterial community of polluted and unpolluted soils , 2003, Biology and Fertility of Soils.

[7]  S. Olsson,et al.  Detection of hydroxyl radicals produced by wood-decomposing fungi. , 2002, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[8]  Mark D. Fricker,et al.  Continuous imaging of amino-acid translocation in intact mycelia of Phanerochaete velutina reveals rapid, pulsatile fluxes , 2002 .

[9]  J. Stenlid,et al.  Effects of resource availability on mycelial interactions and 32P transfer between a saprotrophic and an ectomycorrhizal fungus in soil microcosms , 2001 .

[10]  Stefan Olsson,et al.  Simultaneous, bidirectional translocation of 32P and 33P between wood blocks connected by mycelial cords of Hypholoma fasciculare , 2001 .

[11]  Damian P. Donnelly,et al.  Rates and quantities of carbon flux to ectomycorrhizal mycelium following 14C pulse labeling of Pinus sylvestris seedlings: effects of litter patches and interaction with a wood-decomposer fungus. , 2001, Tree physiology.

[12]  S. Emr,et al.  Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation. , 2000, Science.

[13]  S. Olsson,et al.  Translocation induced outgrowth of fungi in nutrient-free environments. , 2000, Journal of theoretical biology.

[14]  L. Boddy,et al.  Interspecific combative interactions between wood-decaying basidiomycetes. , 2000, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[15]  Olsson,et al.  Growth of Arthrobotrys superba from a birch wood resource base into soil determined by radioactive tracing. , 2000, FEMS microbiology ecology.

[16]  B. Lindahl,et al.  Translocation of 32P between interacting mycelia of a wood‐decomposing fungus and ectomycorrhizal fungi in microcosm systems , 1999 .

[17]  K. Nara,et al.  Competition between ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing Pinus densiflora , 1999, Mycorrhiza.

[18]  Lynne Boddy,et al.  SAPROTROPHIC CORD-FORMING FUNGI : MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS , 1999 .

[19]  S. Olsson.  The fungal colony: Nutrient translocation and electrical signalling in mycelia , 1999 .

[20]  D. Read,et al.  Plant and fungal responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide in mycorrhizal seedlings of Pinus sylvestris , 1998 .

[21]  J. Wells,et al.  Temporary phosphorus partitioning in mycelial systems of the cord-forming basidiomycete Phanerochaete velutina. , 1998, The New phytologist.

[22]  Stefan Olsson,et al.  Patterns and dynamics of 32P-phosphate and labelled 2-aminoisobutyric acid (14C-AIB) translocation in intact basidiomycete mycelia , 1998 .

[23]  J. Wells,et al.  Carbon translocation in mycelial cord systems of Phanerochaete velutina (DC: Pers.) Parmasto , 1995 .

[24]  Stefan Olsson,et al.  Mycelial density profiles of fungi on heterogeneous media and their interpretation in terms of nutrient reallocation patterns , 1995 .

[25]  J. Debaud,et al.  Auxin overproducer mutants of Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi have increased mycorrhizal activity , 1994 .

[26]  J. Leake.  The biology of myco-heterotrophic ('saprophytic') plants. , 1994, The New phytologist.

[27]  J. Stenlid,et al.  The importance of inoculum size for the competitive ability of wood decomposing fungi , 1993 .

[28]  H. Wallander,et al.  Effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris L. , 1992 .

[29]  J. Cairney.  Translocation of solutes in ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic rhizomorphs , 1992 .

[30]  J. Wells,et al.  Wood decay, and phosphorus and fungal biomass allocation, in mycelial cord systems. , 1990 .

[31]  L. Boddy,et al.  Resource relationships of foraging mycelial systems of Phanerochaete velutina and Hypholoma fasciculare in soil. , 1989, The New phytologist.

[32]  G. Barron.  Microcolonies of bacteria as a nutrient source for lignicolous and other fungi , 1988 .

[33]  D. Jennings,et al.  TRANSLOCATION OF SOLUTES IN FUNGI , 1987 .

[34]  D. Read,et al.  THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE VEGETATIVE MYCELIUM OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL PLANTS .1. TRANSLOCATION OF C-14-LABELED CARBON BETWEEN PLANTS INTERCONNECTED BY A COMMON MYCELIUM , 1986 .

[35]  C. G. Shaw,et al.  Armillaria root disease. , 1986 .

[36]  W. Thompson,et al.  Extent, development and function of mycelial cord systems in soil , 1983 .

[37]  B. Berg,et al.  Accumulation and release of plant nutrients in decomposing Scots pine needle litter. Long-term decomposition in a Scots pine forest II , 1982 .