Exploring the possibility of a common structural model measuring associations between safety climate factors and safety behaviour in health care and the petroleum sectors.

The aim of the present study was to explore the possibility of identifying general safety climate concepts in health care and petroleum sectors, as well as develop and test the possibility of a common cross-industrial structural model. Self-completion questionnaire surveys were administered in two organisations and sectors: (1) a large regional hospital in Norway that offers a wide range of hospital services, and (2) a large petroleum company that produces oil and gas worldwide. In total, 1919 and 1806 questionnaires were returned from the hospital and petroleum organisation, with response rates of 55 percent and 52 percent, respectively. Using a split sample procedure principal factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed six identical cross-industrial measurement concepts in independent samples-five measures of safety climate and one of safety behaviour. The factors' psychometric properties were explored with satisfactory internal consistency and concept validity. Thus, a common cross-industrial structural model was developed and tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM revealed that a cross-industrial structural model could be identified among health care workers and offshore workers in the North Sea. The most significant contributing variables in the model testing stemmed from organisational management support for safety and supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting safety. These variables indirectly enhanced safety behaviour (stop working in dangerous situations) through transitions and teamwork across units, and teamwork within units as well as learning, feedback, and improvement. Two new safety climate instruments were validated as part of the study: (1) Short Safety Climate Survey (SSCS) and (2) Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture-short (HSOPSC-short). Based on development of measurements and structural model assessment, this study supports the possibility of a common safety climate structural model across health care and the offshore petroleum industry.

[1]  F. Guldenmund.  The nature of safety culture: a review of theory and research , 2000 .

[2]  Andrew R.Hale and Jan Hovden,et al.  Management and culture: the third age of safety. A review of approaches to organizational aspects of safety, health and environment , 1998 .

[3]  James T. Reason,et al.  Managing the risks of organizational accidents , 1997 .

[4]  W. Weeks,et al.  Measuring patient safety climate: a review of surveys , 2005, Quality and Safety in Health Care.

[5]  Peter Y Chen,et al.  Safety climate and self-reported injury: assessing the mediating role of employee safety control. , 2006, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[6]  Ann Williamson,et al.  Occupational injury : risk, prevention and intervention , 1998 .

[7]  E. Thomas,et al.  Classifying and interpreting threats to patient safety in hospitals: insights from aviation , 2006 .

[8]  Knut Haukelid.  Theories of (safety) culture revisited—An anthropological approach , 2008 .

[9]  P. Bentler,et al.  Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures , 1980 .

[10]  D M Gaba,et al.  The culture of safety: results of an organization-wide survey in 15 California hospitals , 2003, Quality & safety in health care.

[11]  Barrett T. Kitch,et al.  Assessing Patient Safety Culture: A Review and Synthesis of the Measurement Tools , 2006 .

[12]  Lois E. Tetrick,et al.  Handbook of occupational health psychology , 2003 .

[13]  Peter Y Chen,et al.  Roles of safety climate and shift work on perceived injury risk: a multi-level analysis. , 2007, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[14]  D. Zohar,et al.  A multilevel model of safety climate: cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates. , 2005, The Journal of applied psychology.

[15]  K. Weick.  Organizational Culture as a Source of High Reliability , 1987 .

[16]  Torbjørn Rundmo,et al.  A longitudinal study of safety climate on the Norwegian continental shelf. , 2008 .

[17]  D. Zohar.  A group-level model of safety climate: testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[18]  Rhona Flin,et al.  Measuring safety culture in healthcare: A case for accurate diagnosis , 2007 .

[19]  Anthony P. Ciavarelli,et al.  Differences in Safety Climate between Hospital Personnel and Naval Aviators , 2003, Hum. Factors.

[20]  L. Kohn,et al.  To Err Is Human : Building a Safer Health System , 2007 .

[21]  Anne Mette Bjerkan,et al.  Modelling the effects of a large‐scale safety culture programme: a combined qualitative and quantitative approach , 2009 .

[22]  E. Ackermann.  The Quality in Australian Health Care Study. , 1996, The Medical journal of Australia.

[23]  Mark A. Griffin,et al.  Safety climate and safety at work. , 2004 .

[24]  P. Barach,et al.  Five System Barriers to Achieving Ultrasafe Health Care , 2005, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[25]  Director,et al.  Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture , 2004 .

[26]  R Flin,et al.  Measuring safety climate in health care , 2006, Quality and Safety in Health Care.

[27]  Karl E. Weick,et al.  Managing the unexpected: Assuring high performance in an age of complexity. , 2001 .

[28]  J. Sexton,et al.  Error, Stress, and Teamwork in Medicine and Aviation: Cross Sectional Surveys , 2001 .

[29]  A. Neal,et al.  A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels. , 2006, The Journal of applied psychology.

[30]  Dov Zohar,et al.  Safety climate: Conceptual and measurement issues. , 2011 .

[31]  Alison G Vredenburgh,et al.  Organizational safety: which management practices are most effective in reducing employee injury rates? , 2002, Journal of safety research.

[32]  Gilles Clermont,et al.  Perceptions of safety culture vary across the intensive care units of a single institution* , 2007, Critical care medicine.

[33]  A. Wall,et al.  Book ReviewTo Err is Human: building a safer health system Kohn L T Corrigan J M Donaldson M S Washington DC USA: Institute of Medicine/National Academy Press ISBN 0 309 06837 1 $34.95 , 2000 .

[34]  T. Aven,et al.  On risk defined as an event where the outcome is uncertain , 2009 .

[35]  Richard G. Netemeyer,et al.  Scaling Procedures: Issues and Applications , 2003 .

[36]  Stephen E. Johnson,et al.  The predictive validity of safety climate. , 2007, Journal of safety research.

[37]  J. Nunnally.  Psychometric Theory (2nd ed), New York: McGraw-Hill. , 1978 .

[38]  D. Zohar.  Safety climate in industrial organizations: theoretical and applied implications. , 1980, The Journal of applied psychology.

[39]  Idar Johannessen,et al.  Sikkerhet først – Statoils krav om stans ved fare , 2003 .

[40]  R Flin,et al.  Benchmarking Safety Climate in Hazardous Environments: A Longitudinal, Interorganizational Approach , 2001, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[41]  David M. DeJoy,et al.  The influence of employee, job/task, and organizational factors on adherence to universal precautions among nurses , 1995 .

[42]  A Neal,et al.  Perceptions of safety at work: a framework for linking safety climate to safety performance, knowledge, and motivation. , 2000, Journal of occupational health psychology.

[43]  Sousa,et al.  Reliability and Validity of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture at a Norwegian Hospital , 2010 .

[44]  V. Nieva,et al.  Safety culture assessment: a tool for improving patient safety in healthcare organizations , 2003, Quality & safety in health care.

[45]  J. Hair.  Multivariate data analysis , 1972 .

[46]  Kathryn Mearns,et al.  Measuring safety climate: identifying the common features☆ , 2000 .