Synthesis of Shaped Beam Reflectarrays With Constrained Geometry by Exploiting Nonradiating Surface Currents

The design of reflectarray surface currents that satisfy both radiation and user-defined geometry constraints is addressed by means of a novel methodology that takes advantage of the nonuniqueness of electromagnetic inverse source (IS) problems. Toward this end, the reflectarray current synthesis is formulated as an IS problem, and its nonradiating current components are profitably exploited as additional design degrees of freedom. As a consequence, an analytic solution, which does not require any iterative local/global optimization and inherently fits both radiation and geometry constraints, is derived. The features and the potentialities of the proposed approach are assessed throughout the selected numerical experiments dealing with different (type/size) reflectarray apertures and various (shape/dimension) forbidden regions.

[1]  F. Las-Heras.  Radial field retrieval for current reconstruction from spherical acquisition , 2000 .

[2]  Salvatore Caorsi,et al.  Inverse‐scattering method for dielectric objects based on the reconstruction of the nonmeasurable equivalent current density , 1999 .

[3]  Herve Legay,et al.  ‘Phoenix’ reflectarray unit cell with reduced size and inductive loading , 2016 .

[4]  J. A. Encinar,et al.  X-Band Reflectarray Antenna With Switching-Beam Using PIN Diodes and Gathered Elements , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[5]  P. Rocca,et al.  Iterative multi-resolution retrieval of non-measurable equivalent currents for the imaging of dielectric objects , 2009 .

[6]  Fan Yang,et al.  A Low-Cost Metal-Only Reflectarray Using Modified Slot-Type Phoenix Element With 360° Phase Coverage , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[7]  A. Ludwig.  The definition of cross polarization , 1973 .

[8]  J. Encinar.  Design of two-layer printed reflectarrays using patches of variable size , 2001 .

[9]  A. Z. Elsherbeni,et al.  Radiation Analysis Approaches for Reflectarray Antennas [Antenna Designer's Notebook] , 2013, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[10]  L.P. Ligthart,et al.  The design of shared aperture antennas consisting of differently sized elements , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[11]  David M. Pozar,et al.  A shaped-beam microstrip patch reflectarray , 1999 .

[12]  Renaud Loison,et al.  Accurate synthesis of a dual linearly polarized reflectarray , 2009, 2009 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation.

[13]  Paolo Rocca,et al.  Predicting antenna pattern degradations in microstrip reflectarrays through interval arithmetic , 2016 .

[14]  Robert J. Mailloux,et al.  Phased Array Antenna Handbook , 1993 .

[15]  Andrea Massa,et al.  Compressive Sensing as Applied to Inverse Problems for Imaging: Theory, Applications, Current Trends, and Open Challenges. , 2017, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[16]  Nima Razavi-Ghods,et al.  A Global-Local Synthesis Approach for Large Non-Regular Arrays , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[17]  D. Berry,et al.  The reflectarray antenna , 1963 .

[18]  Yahya Rahmat-Samii,et al.  Technology Trends and Challenges of Antennas for Satellite Communication Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[19]  D. Pozar,et al.  Design of millimeter wave microstrip reflectarrays , 1997 .

[20]  G. Caille,et al.  A Ka-band direct radiating array providing multiple beams for a satellite multimedia mission , 2000, Proceedings 2000 IEEE International Conference on Phased Array Systems and Technology (Cat. No.00TH8510).

[21]  Fernando Las-Heras.  Sequential reconstruction of equivalent currents from cylindrical near field , 1999 .

[22]  M. Arrebola,et al.  Analysis, design and prototyping of reflectarray antennas for space applications , 2013, 2013 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC).

[23]  Marco Donald Migliore.  Minimum Trace Norm Regularization (MTNR) in Electromagnetic Inverse Problems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[24]  A. C. Ludwig.  Calculation of scattered patterns from asymmetrical reflectors , 1970 .

[25]  Paolo Rocca,et al.  Compressive Sensing in Electromagnetics - A Review , 2015, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[26]  Paolo Rocca,et al.  Unconventional Phased Array Architectures and Design Methodologies—A Review , 2016, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[27]  F. Las-Heras,et al.  Reconstruction of Equivalent Currents Distribution Over Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Surfaces Based on Integral Equation Algorithms , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[28]  J. A. Zornoza,et al.  Three-layer printed reflectarrays for contoured beam space applications , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[29]  Fernando Las-Heras,et al.  Complex Reflection Coefficient Synthesis Applied to Dual-Polarized Reflectarrays With Cross-Polar Requirements , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[30]  Fernando Las-Heras,et al.  Geometry Reconstruction of Metallic Bodies Using the Sources Reconstruction Method , 2010, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[31]  Andrea Massa,et al.  Multiresolution subspace-based optimization method for inverse scattering problems. , 2011, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[32]  Federico Viani,et al.  MT – BCS-Based Microwave Imaging Approach Through Minimum-Norm Current Expansion , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[33]  D. Pozar.  Radiation and scattering from a microstrip patch on a uniaxial substrate , 1987 .

[34]  Renaud Loison,et al.  The Phoenix Cell: A New Reflectarray Cell With Large Bandwidth and Rebirth Capabilities , 2011, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[35]  P. Rocca,et al.  Evolutionary optimization as applied to inverse scattering problems , 2009 .

[36]  José A. Encinar,et al.  Broadband design of three-layer printed reflectarrays , 2003 .

[37]  P. Minvielle,et al.  Sparse Antenna Array Optimization With the Cross-Entropy Method , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.