Liquid biofuels in Greece—Current status in production and research

This paper reviews the state of liquid biofuels in Greece and presents the current situation in production and research. The first part presents the production potential in terms of cultivated crops along with the industrial activity on biofuels and their distribution in the country. In the second part, the research activities are discussed. It is shown that the Greek biofuel potential is significant, although some problems in the allocation of the fuel resulted in severe constraints to efficiency. Research on the optimization of biodiesel properties and on the development of 2nd generation biofuels as well on the assessment of their impacts on engine performance and emissions is remarkable and promising.

[1]  C. E. Papadopoulos,et al.  Optimization of cotton seed biodiesel quality (critical properties) through modification of its FAME composition by highly selective homogeneous hydrogenation. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[2]  Stella Bezergianni,et al.  Oxidative stability of waste cooking oil and white diesel upon storage at room temperature. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[3]  Stamoulis Stournas,et al.  Light vehicle regulated and unregulated emissions from different biodiesels. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[4]  Michal Tadeusz Bialkowski,et al.  Theoretical and experimental investigation of a CDI injection system operating on neat rapeseed oil - feasibility and operational studies , 2009 .

[5]  Sotirios Karellas,et al.  Policy plan for the use of biomass and biofuels in Greece Part I: Available biomass and methodology , 2009 .

[6]  S. Bezergianni,et al.  Hydrocracking of used cooking oil for biofuels production. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[7]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Combustion heat release analysis of ethanol or n-butanol diesel fuel blends in heavy-duty DI diesel engine , 2011 .

[8]  Stelios Rozakis,et al.  Environmental cost-effectiveness of bio diesel production in Greece: Current policies and alternative scenarios , 2010 .

[9]  F. Zannikos,et al.  Effectiveness of Various Phenolic Compounds (Commercial and Non-Commercial) on Biodiesel Oxidation Stability , 2013 .

[10]  Maria A. Founti,et al.  Comparative environmental behavior of bus engine operating on blends of diesel fuel with four straight vegetable oils of Greek origin: Sunflower, cottonseed, corn and olive , 2011 .

[11]  P. A. Pilavachi,et al.  Hydrotreating of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production. Part I: Effect of temperature on product yields and heteroatom removal. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[12]  F. Zannikos,et al.  Production of Biobased Lubricant Basestocks with Improved Performance , 2012 .

[13]  M. Borzęcka-Walker,et al.  Cost-effectiveness of bioethanol policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in Greece , 2013, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.

[14]  Stella Bezergianni,et al.  Quality and sustainability comparison of one- vs. two-step catalytic hydroprocessing of waste cooking oil , 2014 .

[15]  M. Kontominas,et al.  Alkaline Conventional and in Situ Transesterification of Cottonseed Oil for the Production of Biodiesel , 2008 .

[16]  Zissis Samaras,et al.  Impact of straight vegetable oil—diesel blends application on vehicle regulated and non-regulated emissions over legislated and real world driving cycles , 2011 .

[17]  G. Karavalakis,et al.  Tetramethylguanidine as an efficient catalyst for transesterification of waste frying oils , 2011 .

[18]  Evangelos G. Giakoumis,et al.  A statistical investigation of biodiesel effects on regulated exhaust emissions during transient cycles , 2012 .

[19]  G. Karavalakis,et al.  Effects of diesel/biodiesel blends on regulated and unregulated pollutants from a passenger vehicle operated over the European and the Athens driving cycles , 2009 .

[20]  L. Ntziachristos,et al.  Biodiesel blend effects on common-rail diesel combustion and emissions , 2010 .

[21]  F. Zannikos,et al.  Impact of Oxidation on Lubricating Properties of Biodiesel Blends , 2013 .

[22]  Biodiesel production using tetramethyl- and benzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxides as strong base catalysts , 2010 .

[23]  Anastasia Zabaniotou,et al.  Sustainable management of energy crops for integrated biofuels and green energy production in Greece , 2011 .

[24]  Popi Konidari,et al.  Evaluating policy options for increasing the RES-E penetration in Greece , 2011 .

[25]  Zissis Samaras,et al.  Biodiesel Stability and its Effects on Diesel Fuel Injection Equipment , 2012 .

[26]  M. G. Kontominas,et al.  Transesterification of soybean frying oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts , 2009 .

[27]  Georgios Karavalakis,et al.  Biodiesel emissions profile in modern diesel vehicles. Part 2: Effect of biodiesel origin on carbonyl, PAH, nitro-PAH and oxy-PAH emissions. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[28]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Impact of biodiesel application at various blending ratios on passenger cars of different fueling technologies , 2012 .

[29]  N. Nikolaou,et al.  Partial hydrogenation of methyl esters of sunflower oil catalyzed by highly active rhodium sulfonated triphenylphosphite complexes , 2009 .

[30]  Sven Bernesson,et al.  A limited LCA comparing large- and small-scale production of rape methyl ester (RME) under Swedish conditions , 2004 .

[31]  Georgios Karavalakis,et al.  Biodiesel emissions profile in modern diesel vehicles. Part 1: Effect of biodiesel origin on the criteria emissions. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[32]  Calliope Panoutsou,et al.  Biodiesel options in Greece , 2008 .

[33]  G. Karavalakis,et al.  The impact of soy-based biodiesel on PAH, nitro-PAH and oxy-PAH emissions from a passenger car operated over regulated and nonregulated driving cycles , 2010 .

[34]  Dimitrios Karonis,et al.  Evaluation of the Oxidation Stability of Diesel/Biodiesel Blends using the Modified Rancimat Method , 2009 .

[35]  K. Paschalidis,et al.  Productivity and phytotoxicity of six sunflower hybrids and their residues effects on rotated lentil and ivy-leaved speedwell , 2012 .

[36]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Investigation of the combustion of neat cottonseed oil or its neat bio-diesel in a HSDI diesel engine by experimental heat release and statistical analyses , 2010 .

[37]  Nikolas Psaroudakis,et al.  Catalytic Conversions in Aqueous Media. Part 2. A Novel and Highly Efficient Biphasic Hydrogenation of Renewable Methyl Esters of Linseed and Sunflower Oils to High Quality Biodiesel Employing Rh/TPPTS Complexes , 2008 .

[38]  Dimitrios Karonis,et al.  Biodiesel Emissions from a Diesel Vehicle Operated on a Non-legislative Driving Cycle , 2009 .

[39]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Effects of butanol–diesel fuel blends on the performance and emissions of a high-speed DI diesel engine , 2010 .

[40]  D. Rakopoulos.  Combustion and emissions of cottonseed oil and its bio-diesel in blends with either n-butanol or diethyl ether in HSDI diesel engine , 2013 .

[41]  Stella Bezergianni,et al.  Catalyst evaluation for waste cooking oil hydroprocessing , 2012 .

[42]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Effects of ethanol-diesel fuel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of heavy duty DI diesel engine , 2008 .

[43]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Investigation of the performance and emissions of bus engine operating on butanol/diesel fuel blends , 2010 .

[44]  Tony E Grift,et al.  ffect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions , 2010 .

[45]  Dimitrios Karonis,et al.  Storage stability and ageing effect of biodiesel blends treated with different antioxidants. , 2011 .

[46]  Leonidas Ntziachristos,et al.  Effects of low concentration biodiesel blends application on modern passenger cars. Part 2: impact on carbonyl compound emissions. , 2010, Environmental pollution.

[47]  E. Tzirakis,et al.  Impact of Diesel/Biodiesel Blends on Emissions from a Diesel Vehicle Operated in Real Driving Conditions , 2007 .

[48]  N. Papayannakos,et al.  Transesterification of triglycerides in high and low quality oil feeds over an HT2 hydrotalcite catalyst. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[49]  F. Zannikos,et al.  Biodiesel Production by Ethanolysis of Various Vegetable Oils Using Calcium Ethoxide as a Solid Base Catalyst , 2013 .

[50]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Study of turbocharged diesel engine operation, pollutant emissions and combustion noise radiation during starting with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends , 2011 .

[51]  F. Zannikos,et al.  Methanolysis of sunflower oil and used frying oil using LiNO3/CaO as a solid base catalyst , 2013 .

[52]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Comparative performance and emissions study of a direct injection Diesel engine using blends of Diesel fuel with vegetable oils or bio-diesels of various origins , 2006 .

[53]  L. Ntziachristos,et al.  Effects of biodiesel on passenger car fuel consumption, regulated and non-regulated pollutant emissions over legislated and real-world driving cycles , 2009 .

[54]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Development and application of multi-zone model for combustion and pollutants formation in direct injection diesel engine running with vegetable oil or its bio-diesel , 2007 .

[55]  Achilleas Bouriazos,et al.  Catalytic conversions in green aqueous media: Part 4. Selective hydrogenation of polyunsaturated methyl esters of vegetable oils for upgrading biodiesel , 2010 .

[56]  Zissis Samaras,et al.  Integrated environmental assessment of energy crops for biofuel and energy production in Greece , 2012 .

[57]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Performance and emissions of bus engine using blends of diesel fuel with bio-diesel of sunflower or cottonseed oils derived from Greek feedstock , 2008 .

[58]  Stella Bezergianni,et al.  Hydrotreating of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production. Part II: effect of temperature on hydrocarbon composition. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[59]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Characteristics of performance and emissions in high-speed direct injection diesel engine fueled with diethyl ether/diesel fuel blends , 2012 .

[60]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Multi-zone modeling of combustion and emissions formation in DI diesel engine operating on ethanol–diesel fuel blends , 2008 .

[61]  Georgios Karavalakis,et al.  Impact of Antioxidant Additives on the Oxidation Stability of Diesel/Biodiesel Blends† , 2010 .

[62]  Georgios Fontaras,et al.  An Experimental Study on the Impact of Biodiesel Origin on the Regulated and PAH Emissions from a Euro 4 light-duty Vehicle , 2011 .

[63]  Zissis Samaras,et al.  Experimental Study on the Potential Application of Cottonseed Oil–Diesel Blends as Fuels for Automotive Diesel Engines , 2007 .

[64]  E. Lois,et al.  Determination of Physicochemical Properties of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) - Diesel Fuel Blends , 2009 .

[65]  M. G. Kontominas,et al.  Biodiesel Production: Reaction and Process Parameters of Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification of Waste Frying Oils , 2007 .

[66]  Dimitrios Karonis,et al.  Evaluation of the oxidation stability of diesel/biodiesel blends , 2010 .

[67]  Stella Bezergianni,et al.  Temperature effect on co-hydroprocessing of heavy gas oil–waste cooking oil mixtures for hybrid diesel production , 2013 .

[68]  Ioannis K. Kookos,et al.  Techno-economic analysis of a biodiesel production process from vegetable oils , 2009 .

[69]  D. Rakopoulos.  Heat release analysis of combustion in heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine operating on blends of diesel fuel with cottonseed or sunflower oils and their bio-diesel , 2012 .

[70]  Geoffrey P. Hammond,et al.  Development of biofuels for the UK automotive market , 2008 .

[71]  Georgios Fontaras,et al.  Effect of biodiesel origin on regulated and particle-bound PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) emi , 2011 .

[72]  E. Kondili,et al.  Small-scale biodiesel production economics: a case study focus on Crete Island. , 2012 .

[73]  C. D. Rakopoulos,et al.  Comparative performance and emission studies when using olive oil as a fuel supplement in DI and IDI diesel engines , 1992 .

[74]  Georgios Karavalakis,et al.  Regulated and unregulated emissions of a light duty vehicle operated on diesel/palm-based methyl ester blends over NEDC and a non-legislated driving cycle , 2009 .

[75]  D. Avlonitis,et al.  Conventional and in situ transesterification of sunflower seed oil for the production of biodiesel , 2008 .

[76]  F. Zannikos,et al.  Tribological Evaluation of Biobased Lubricant Basestocks from Cottonseed and Soybean Oils , 2010 .

[77]  M. G. Kontominas,et al.  Transesterification of rapeseed oil for the production of biodiesel using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis , 2009 .

[78]  A. Zabaniotou,et al.  Bioenergy production for CO2-mitigation and rural development via valorisation of low value crop residues and their upgrade into energy carriers: a challenge for sunflower and soya residues. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[79]  Dimitrios C. Rakopoulos,et al.  Multi-zone modeling of Diesel engine fuel spray development with vegetable oil, bio-diesel or Diesel fuels , 2006 .

[80]  Fanourios Zannikos,et al.  Microbiological Growth Study of Biodiesel Fuel , 2013 .

[81]  Sotirios Karellas,et al.  Policy plan for the use of biomass and biofuels in Greece: Part II: Logistics and economic investigation , 2009 .

[82]  L. Ntziachristos,et al.  Effects of low concentration biodiesel blend application on modern passenger cars. Part 1: feedstock impact on regulated pollutants, fuel consumption and particle emissions. , 2010, Environmental pollution.

[83]  A. Zabaniotou,et al.  Sunflower shells utilization for energetic purposes in an integrated approach of energy crops: laboratory study pyrolysis and kinetics. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[84]  Zissis Samaras,et al.  Effects of low concentration biodiesel blends application on modern passenger cars. Part 3: impact on PAH, nitro-PAH, and oxy-PAH emissions. , 2010, Environmental pollution.

[85]  Dimitrios N Tziourtzioumis,et al.  Effects of a 70% biodiesel blend on the fuel injection system operation during steady-state and transient performance of a common rail diesel engine , 2012 .