Design of low-crested (submerged) structures - an overview -

Low crested and submerged structures (LCS) such as detached breakwaters and artificial reefs are becoming very common coastal protection measures (used alone or in combination with artificial sand nourishment). Their purpose is to reduce the hydraulic loading to a required level that maintains the dynamic equilibrium of the shoreline. To attain this goal, they are designed to allow the transmission of a certain amount of wave energy over the structure by overtopping and also some transmission through the porous structure (exposed breakwaters) or wave breaking and energy dissipation on shallow crest (submerged structures).

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