Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models: Simulation of probability models and statistical inferences

Whenever we represent inferences for a parameter using a point estimate and standard error, we are performing a data reduction. If the estimate is normally distributed, this summary discards no information because the normal distribution is completely defined by its mean and variance. But in other cases it can be useful to represent the uncertainty in the parameter estimation by a set of random simulations that represent possible values of the parameter vector (with more likely values being more likely to appear in the simulation). By simulation , then, we mean summarizing inferences by random numbers rather than by point estimates and standard errors. Simulation of probability models In this section we introduce simulation for two simple probability models. The rest of the chapter discusses how to use simulations to summarize and understand regressions and generalize linear models, and the next chapter applies simulation to model checking and validation. Simulation is important in itself and also prepares for multilevel models, which we fit using simulation-based inference, as described in Part 2B. A simple example of discrete predictive simulation How many girls in 400 births? The probability that a baby is a girl or boy is 48.8% or 51.2%, respectively. Suppose that 400 babies are born in a hospital in a given year. How many will be girls?