Diabetic macular edema: pathogenesis and treatment.

[1]  Sanjay Sharma,et al.  Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membranectomy for refractory diabetic macular edema without a taut posterior hyaloid , 2004, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.

[2]  J. Sebag Anatomy and pathology of the vitreo-retinal interface , 1992, Eye.

[3]  M. Gillies When does neural degeneration occur in diabetic retinopathy? , 2000, Clinical & experimental ophthalmology.

[4]  M. Itoh,et al.  Involvement of ZO-1 in Cadherin-based Cell Adhesion through Its Direct Binding to α Catenin and Actin Filaments , 1997, The Journal of cell biology.

[5]  J. Marshall,et al.  Intravitreal triamcinolone for uveitic cystoid macular edema: an optical coherence tomography study. , 2001, Ophthalmology.

[6]  N. Cardascia,et al.  Pars plana vitrectomy in diabetic macular edema , 2004, Documenta Ophthalmologica.

[7]  S. Priglinger,et al.  INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB (AVASTIN) THERAPY FOR PERSISTENT DIFFUSE DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA , 2006, Retina.

[8]  James M. Anderson,et al.  The Tight Junction Protein ZO-1 Establishes a Link between the Transmembrane Protein Occludin and the Actin Cytoskeleton* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[9]  P. Campochiaro,et al.  Electron microscopic immunocytochemical evidence for the mechanism of blood-retinal barrier breakdown in galactosemic rats and its association with aldose reductase expression and inhibition. , 1993, Experimental eye research.

[10]  Philip D. Harvey,et al.  Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38 , 1998, BMJ.

[11]  D. Cogan,et al.  Retinal vascular patterns. VI. Mural cells of the retinal capillaries. , 1963, Archives of ophthalmology.

[12]  J. Stone,et al.  The role of müller cells in the formation of the blood-retinal barrier , 1993, Neuroscience.

[13]  S. Kishi,et al.  Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. , 1999, American journal of ophthalmology.

[14]  H. Yamashita,et al.  Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in the aqueous humor of diabetics with macular edema. , 2002, American journal of ophthalmology.

[15]  G. Jerums,et al.  The relative roles of advanced glycation, oxidation and aldose reductase inhibition in the development of experimental diabetic nephropathy in the Sprague-Dawley rat , 1995, Diabetologia.

[16]  T. Gardner,et al.  Retinal neurodegeneration: early pathology in diabetes , 2000, Clinical & experimental ophthalmology.

[17]  F L Ferris,et al.  Macular edema. A complication of diabetic retinopathy. , 1984, Survey of ophthalmology.

[18]  M. Ivanišević,et al.  Argon laser photocoagulation for the treatment of diabetic macular oedema. Comparative study of efficacy between focal extramacular treatment and focal macular perifoveolar treatment. , 1992, Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde.

[19]  Peter Wiedemann,et al.  Pathomechanisms of Cystoid Macular Edema , 2004, Ophthalmic Research.

[20]  Sharon D. Solomon,et al.  Detection of diabetic foveal edema: contact lens biomicroscopy compared with optical coherence tomography. , 2004, Archives of ophthalmology.

[21]  Aroca Pr,et al.  Prospective study of correlation between diabetic retinopathy and microalbuminuria in diabetes type 1 patients , 2000 .

[22]  F. Foster,et al.  Clinical use of ultrasound biomicroscopy. , 1991, Ophthalmology.

[23]  M. Ulbig,et al.  Diode laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular oedema. , 1995, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[24]  R. Hamdy,et al.  Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by angiotensin II in rat heart endothelial cells. , 1998, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[25]  E. Levin Mechanisms of disease : endothelins , 1995 .

[26]  R. Klein,et al.  The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XV. The long-term incidence of macular edema. , 1995, Ophthalmology.

[27]  F. Horozoğlu,et al.  Bevacizumab (Avastin) for diabetic macular edema in previously vitrectomized eyes. , 2007, American journal of ophthalmology.

[28]  H. Hammes,et al.  Loss of the antiangiogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor in patients with angiogenic eye disease. , 2001, Diabetes.

[29]  T. Gardner,et al.  Neural apoptosis in the retina during experimental and human diabetes. Early onset and effect of insulin. , 1998, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[30]  J. Cunha-Vaz,et al.  Clinicopathologic study of blood-retinal barrier in experimental diabetes mellitus. , 1980, Archives of ophthalmology.

[31]  T. Friberg,et al.  The treatment of macular disease using a micropulsed and continuous wave 810-nm diode laser. , 1997, Ophthalmology.

[32]  C. Trempe,et al.  Importance of the vitreous in young diabetics with macular edema. , 1989, Ophthalmology.

[33]  C. Trempe,et al.  Role of the vitreous in diabetic retinopathy. II. Active and inactive vitreous changes. , 1986, Ophthalmology.

[34]  M. Shahidi,et al.  Retinal thickness analysis for quantitative assessment of diabetic macular edema. , 1991, Archives of ophthalmology.

[35]  B. Buckingham,et al.  Biochemical abnormalities in vitreous of humans with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. , 1992, Archives of ophthalmology.

[36]  Jian-xing Ma,et al.  Unbalanced expression of VEGF and PEDF in ischemia‐induced retinal neovascularization , 2001, FEBS letters.

[37]  J. Duker,et al.  A pilot study of multiple intravitreal injections of ranibizumab in patients with center-involving clinically significant diabetic macular edema. , 2006, Ophthalmology.

[38]  J. Flanagan,et al.  Influence of laser photocoagulation for clinically significant diabetic macular oedema (DMO) on short-wavelength and conventional automated perimetry , 1998, Diabetologia.

[39]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  In vivo retinal imaging by optical coherence tomography. , 1993, Optics letters.

[40]  J. M. Risco,et al.  Choroidal microvascular repair after argon laser photocoagulation. , 1982, American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma.

[41]  Y. Hata,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor plays a role in hyperpermeability of diabetic retinal vessels. , 1995, Ophthalmic research.

[42]  S. Kang,et al.  Macular grid photocoagulation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema. , 2006, Archives of ophthalmology.

[43]  M L Wolbarsht,et al.  The rationale of photocoagulation therapy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a review and a model. , 1980, Ophthalmic surgery.

[44]  M. Mandai,et al.  Photocoagulated human retinal pigment epithelial cells produce an inhibitor of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. , 1995, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[45]  C. Trempe,et al.  Diabetic macular edema: risk factors and concomitants. , 1999, Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica.

[46]  R. Dermietzel,et al.  Correlation of zonula occludens ZO-1 antigen expression and transendothelial resistance in porcine and rat cultured cerebral endothelial cells , 1991, Neuroscience Letters.

[47]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Optical coherence tomography: an emerging technology for biomedical imaging and optical biopsy. , 2000, Neoplasia.

[48]  K. Nakagawa,et al.  The relation between expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic rat retinas. , 1996, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[49]  H. Hammes,et al.  Upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor system in experimental background diabetic retinopathy of the rat. , 1998, Diabetes.

[50]  G. King,et al.  Preferential elevation of protein kinase C isoform beta II and diacylglycerol levels in the aorta and heart of diabetic rats: differential reversibility to glycemic control by islet cell transplantation. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[51]  Intravitreal Triamcinolone for Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema: Two-Year Results of a Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical TrialGillies MC, Sutter FKP, Simpson JM, et al (Univ of Sydney, Australia) Ophthalmology 113:1533–1538, 2006§ , 2007 .

[52]  Emily C. Miller,et al.  Regulation of igf-I signaling in retinal endothelial cells by hyperglycemia. , 2007, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[53]  James M. Anderson,et al.  Molecular architecture of tight junctions. , 1998, Annual review of physiology.

[54]  J. Jonas,et al.  Intraocular injection of crystalline cortisone as adjunctive treatment of diabetic macular edema. , 2001, American journal of ophthalmology.

[55]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Optical Coherence Tomography , 1991, LEOS '92 Conference Proceedings.

[56]  M. Osanai,et al.  Glial Cell–Derived Cytokines Attenuate the Breakdown of Vascular Integrity in Diabetic Retinopathy , 2007, Diabetes.

[57]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Optical biopsy and imaging using optical coherence tomography , 1995, Nature Medicine.

[58]  P. Campochiaro,et al.  Macular oedema: the role of soluble mediators , 2000, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[59]  C. Trempe,et al.  The role of the vitreous in diabetic macular edema. , 1988, Ophthalmology.

[60]  S. Tsukita,et al.  Occludin and claudins in tight-junction strands: leading or supporting players? , 1999, Trends in cell biology.

[61]  B R Johansson,et al.  Pericyte loss and microaneurysm formation in PDGF-B-deficient mice. , 1997, Science.

[62]  G. Jerums,et al.  Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition reduces retinal overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hyperpermeability in experimental diabetes , 2000, Diabetologia.

[63]  A. Ducasse,et al.  Evaluation of argon laser photocoagulation of the posterior pole in oedematous diabetic retinopathy. , 1985, Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde.

[64]  R. Funk,et al.  In situ observation of living pericytes in rat retinal capillaries. , 1998, Microvascular research.

[65]  M. K. Sahib,et al.  Monoaminoguanidine inhibits aldose reductase. , 1991, Biochemical pharmacology.

[66]  D. Connolly,et al.  Characterization of the increase in vascular permeability induced by vascular permeability factor in vivo , 1993, British journal of pharmacology.

[67]  R. Webb,et al.  Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. , 1987, Applied optics.

[68]  T. Gardner,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy. , 1999, Seminars in ophthalmology.

[69]  G. King,et al.  Characterization of the Mechanism for the Chronic Activation of Diacylglycerol-Protein Kinase C Pathway in Diabetes and Hypergalactosemia , 1994, Diabetes.

[70]  L. Morse,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 5 are colocalized in vascular and avascular epiretinal membranes. , 1997, American journal of ophthalmology.

[71]  G. Karakiulakis,et al.  Corticosteroids inhibit the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in human vascular smooth muscle cells. , 1998, European journal of pharmacology.

[72]  V. D’Agati,et al.  Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Its Ligands: A Journey from the Complications of Diabetes to Its Pathogenesis , 2005, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[73]  J. Fujimoto,et al.  Optical coherence tomography of the human retina. , 1995, Archives of ophthalmology.

[74]  D. Archer,et al.  The effect of endothelin 1 on the retinal microvascular pericyte. , 1992, Microvascular research.

[75]  R Machemer,et al.  Panretinal photocoagulation and retinal oxygenation in normal and diabetic cats. , 1986, American journal of ophthalmology.

[76]  Juan Fernández,et al.  Risk factors for diffuse and focal macular edema. , 2004, Journal of diabetes and its complications.

[77]  R. Olk Modified grid argon (blue-green) laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. , 1986, Ophthalmology.

[78]  Z. Szallasi,et al.  Protein Kinase C-α Activity Modulates Transepithelial Permeability and Cell Junctions in the LLC-PK1 Epithelial Cell Line* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[79]  H. Nagase Activation mechanisms of matrix metalloproteinases. , 1997, Biological chemistry.

[80]  S. Feman,et al.  Ocular problems in diabetes mellitus , 1992 .

[81]  R. Dean,et al.  Hydroxyl radical production and autoxidative glycosylation. Glucose autoxidation as the cause of protein damage in the experimental glycation model of diabetes mellitus and ageing. , 1988, The Biochemical journal.

[82]  G. Neufeld,et al.  Interleukin 6 Induces the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[83]  J. J. Plantner,et al.  Matrix metalloproteinases and metalloproteinase inhibitors in human interphotoreceptor matrix and vitreous. , 1998, Current eye research.

[84]  S. Yagihashi,et al.  Effect of Aminoguanidine on Functional and Structural Abnormalities in Peripheral Nerve of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats , 1992, Diabetes.

[85]  S. Vannucci,et al.  Advanced glycation end products and RAGE: a common thread in aging, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. , 2005, Glycobiology.

[86]  Marcus Df,et al.  Argon laser photocoagulation treatment of diabetic cystoid maculopathy. , 1977 .

[87]  F. Ferris,et al.  Macular edema in Diabetic Retinopathy Study patients. Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 12. , 1987, Ophthalmology.

[88]  M. Balda,et al.  Occludin and the functions of tight junctions. , 1999, International review of cytology.

[89]  S. Bursell,et al.  Amelioration of Vascular Dysfunctions in Diabetic Rats by an Oral PKC β Inhibitor , 1996, Science.

[90]  H. Suzuki,et al.  Ocular vascular endothelial growth factor levels in diabetic rats are elevated before observable retinal proliferative changes , 1997, Diabetologia.

[91]  N. Tachi,et al.  Vitrectomy for diffuse macular edema in cases of diabetic retinopathy. , 1996, American journal of ophthalmology.

[92]  E. Ling,et al.  Neuronal and microglial response in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats , 2000, Visual Neuroscience.

[93]  I. Wallow,et al.  Sub-pigment epithelial membranes after photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. , 1993, Archives of ophthalmology.

[94]  E. Balazs,et al.  Pathogenesis of cystoid macular edema: an anatomic consideration of vitreoretinal adhesions. , 1984, Survey of ophthalmology.

[95]  I. Ladas,et al.  Long‐term effectiveness of modified grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema , 1993, Acta ophthalmologica.

[96]  S. D'Anna,et al.  Noninvasive mapping of the normal retinal thickness at the posterior pole. , 1999, Ophthalmology.

[97]  S. Vinores Assessment of blood-retinal barrier integrity. , 1995, Histology and histopathology.

[98]  G. Vrensen,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factors and angiogenesis in eye disease , 2003, Progress in Retinal and Eye Research.

[99]  G. Arden,et al.  Color contrast sensitivity and pattern electroretinographic findings after diode and argon laser photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy. , 1994, American journal of ophthalmology.

[100]  R. Foos,et al.  Vitreoretinal juncture. Synchysis senilis and posterior vitreous detachment. , 1982, Ophthalmology.

[101]  S. Ohno,et al.  Perifoveal microcirculation before and after vitrectomy for diabetic cystoid macular edema. , 2000, American journal of ophthalmology.

[102]  E. Kohner,et al.  Excessive permeability in diabetic maculopathy. , 1979, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[103]  S. Wolff,et al.  Hydrogen peroxide production during experimental protein glycation , 1990, FEBS letters.

[104]  D. Archer,et al.  Characterization of endothelin A (ETA) and endothelin B (ETB) receptors in cultured bovine retinal pericytes. , 1995, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[105]  C. Cordon-Cardo,et al.  Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in normal human tissues. , 1990, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[106]  H. Parving,et al.  Protective effect of captopril on the blood-retina barrier in normotensive insulin-dependent diabetic patients with nephropathy and background retinopathy , 2004, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.

[107]  T. M. Hollis,et al.  Inhibition of aortic histamine synthesis by α-hydrazinohistidine inhibits increased aortic albumin accumulation in experimental diabetes in the rat , 1985, Diabetologia.

[108]  A. Cruess,et al.  Argon green and krypton red laser treatment of diabetic macular edema. , 1988, Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie.

[109]  H Lund-Andersen,et al.  Diabetic macular edema: passive and active transport of fluorescein through the blood-retina barrier. , 2001, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[110]  A. Patz,et al.  Macular edema--an overlooked complication of diabetic retinopathy. , 1973, Transactions - American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology.

[111]  E. V. Famiglietti,et al.  Immunocytochemical localization of vascular endothelial growth factor in neurons and glial cells of human retina , 2003, Brain Research.

[112]  R Birngruber,et al.  Response of the retinal pigment epithelium to selective photocoagulation. , 1992, Archives of ophthalmology.

[113]  H. Yamashita,et al.  Angiotensin II and vascular endothelial growth factor in the vitreous fluid of patients with diabetic macular edema and other retinal disorders. , 2002, American journal of ophthalmology.

[114]  Tomohiro Ikeda,et al.  IMPROVED VISUAL ACUITY FOLLOWING PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR DIABETIC CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA AND DETACHED POSTERIOR HYALOID , 2000, Retina.

[115]  Y. Oka,et al.  Troglitazone treatment increases plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic patients and its mRNA in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. , 2001, Diabetes.

[116]  M L Wolbarsht,et al.  Increased retinal oxygen supply following pan-retinal photocoagulation and vitrectomy and lensectomy. , 1981, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society.

[117]  R. Bain,et al.  The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. , 1993 .

[118]  T. Gardner,et al.  Antihistamines reverse blood-ocular barrier breakdown in experimental diabetes. , 1988, The Journal of diabetic complications.

[119]  S. Kishi,et al.  Posterior precortical vitreous pocket. , 1991, Archives of ophthalmology.

[120]  F. Delori,et al.  Vitreous fluorophotometric evaluation of diabetics. , 1984, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[121]  T. M. Hollis,et al.  Aortic Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Histamine Metabolism in Experimental Diabetes , 1982, Arteriosclerosis.

[122]  J. Caprioli,et al.  Optical coherence tomography to detect and manage retinal disease and glaucoma. , 2004, American journal of ophthalmology.

[123]  P. Campochiaro,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor is a critical stimulus for diabetic macular edema. , 2006, American journal of ophthalmology.

[124]  R. Frank,et al.  Effects of endothelin on cultured bovine retinal microvascular pericytes. , 1993, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[125]  G. Zhou,et al.  Regulation of atypical zeta-protein kinase C in cellular signaling. , 1994, Experimental cell research.

[126]  Ulrich Schraermeyer,et al.  A central role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy , 2004, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[127]  T. Imaizumi,et al.  Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) promotes growth of pericytes through autocrine production of platelet-derived growth factor-B. , 2005, Microvascular research.

[128]  J. Simpson,et al.  Effect of high glucose on permeability of retinal capillary endothelium in vitro. , 1997, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[129]  D. Puro,et al.  Diabetes-induced dysfunction of the glutamate transporter in retinal Müller cells. , 2002, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[130]  H. Flynn,et al.  Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema associated with a thickened and taut posterior hyaloid membrane. , 1996, American journal of ophthalmology.

[131]  B. Gallacher,et al.  Glucose-Induced Protein Kinase C Activation Regulates Vascular Permeability Factor mRNA Expression and Peptide Production by Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro , 1997, Diabetes.

[132]  L. Aiello,et al.  Effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. , 2006, Ophthalmology.

[133]  J. Sorenson,et al.  COMBINED PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AND INTRAVITREAL TRIAMCINOLONE FOR NONSUBFOVEAL CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION , 2005, Retina.

[134]  J. McEwan,et al.  Matrix metalloproteinases and cardiovascular disease. , 1995, Circulation research.

[135]  Z. Makita,et al.  Aminoguanidine pyridoxal adduct is superior to aminoguanidine for preventing diabetic nephropathy in mice. , 2002, Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme.

[136]  H. Chase,et al.  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment for young normotensive diabetic subjects: a two-year trial. , 1993, Annals of ophthalmology.

[137]  C. Trempe,et al.  Role of the vitreous in diabetic retinopathy. I. Vitreous changes in diabetic retinopathy and in physiologic aging. , 1986, Ophthalmology.

[138]  M. Blumenkranz,et al.  Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction. , 1992, Ophthalmology.

[139]  Don-Il Ham,et al.  The correlation between fluorescein angiographic and optical coherence tomographic features in clinically significant diabetic macular edema. , 2004, American journal of ophthalmology.

[140]  L. Matrisian,et al.  Matrix degrading metalloproteinases , 2005, Journal of Neuro-Oncology.

[141]  Paul J Thornalley,et al.  The autoxidation of glyceraldehyde and other simple monosaccharides under physiological conditions catalysed by buffer ions. , 1984 .

[142]  D. Alcorn,et al.  Renin-containing Müller cells of the retina display endocrine features. , 1995, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[143]  A. Barber,et al.  Astrocytes increase barrier properties and ZO-1 expression in retinal vascular endothelial cells. , 1997, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[144]  X. Wang,et al.  [A clinical observation of krypton yellow laser photocoagulation for cystoid macular edema in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy]. , 1999, [Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology.

[145]  Tomohiro Ikeda,et al.  Vitrectomy for cystoid macular oedema with attached posterior hyaloid membrane in patients with diabetes , 1999, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[146]  Min-wei Wang,et al.  Antioxidant activity of a Schiff base of pyridoxal and aminoguanidine. , 2003, Free radical biology & medicine.

[147]  J. Spranger,et al.  Growth Factor Alterations in Advanced Diabetic Retinopathy: A Possible Role of Blood Retina Barrier Breakdown , 1997, Diabetes.

[148]  Chung-May Yang SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR SEVERE DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA WITH MASSIVE HARD EXUDATES , 2000, Retina.

[149]  A. Schmidt,et al.  The RAGE axis in early diabetic retinopathy. , 2005, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[150]  J. Hou,et al.  Study of Claudin Function by RNA Interference* , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[151]  E. Stefánsson,et al.  The therapeutic effects of retinal laser treatment and vitrectomy. A theory based on oxygen and vascular physiology. , 2001, Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica.

[152]  D. Landau Epithelial paracellular proteins in health and disease , 2006, Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension.

[153]  P T de Jong,et al.  Renin, prorenin, and immunoreactive renin in vitreous fluid from eyes with and without diabetic retinopathy. , 1989, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[154]  K. Fujimoto,et al.  A Single Gene Product, Claudin-1 or -2, Reconstitutes Tight Junction Strands and Recruits Occludin in Fibroblasts , 1998, The Journal of cell biology.

[155]  J. Nawrocki,et al.  [Treatment of diffuse diabetic maculopathy with "grid pattern argon laser coagulation"]. , 1991, Fortschritte der Ophthalmologie : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft.

[156]  B. Keon,et al.  The tight junction: morphology to molecules. , 1998, Annual review of cell and developmental biology.

[157]  S. Pendergast Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema associated with a taut premacular posterior hyaloid. , 1998, Current opinion in ophthalmology.

[158]  C. Toth,et al.  Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human vitreous. , 1998, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[159]  L. Aiello,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal permeability is mediated by protein kinase C in vivo and suppressed by an orally effective beta-isoform-selective inhibitor. , 1998, Diabetes.

[160]  N. Suttorp,et al.  VEGF induces hyperpermeability by a direct action on endothelial cells. , 1998, American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology.

[161]  J. Marshall,et al.  The pathogenesis of edema in diabetic maculopathy. , 1999, Seminars in ophthalmology.

[162]  S. Lightman,et al.  Safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone for cystoid macular oedema in uveitis , 2001, Clinical & experimental ophthalmology.

[163]  M. Tsacopoulos,et al.  Effect of laser photocoagulation on oxygenation of the retina in miniature pigs. , 1985, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[164]  A. Patz,et al.  Clinically significant macular edema in type I diabetes. Incidence and risk factors. , 1995, Ophthalmology.

[165]  M. Maia,et al.  Primary intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for diabetic macular edema: results from the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group at 6-month follow-up. , 2007, Ophthalmology.

[166]  J. Duker,et al.  Imaging of macular diseases with optical coherence tomography. , 1995, Ophthalmology.

[167]  R. Olk,et al.  Subthreshold (invisible) modified grid diode laser photocoagulation in diffuse diabetic macular edema (DDME) , 1999, Ophthalmic surgery and lasers.

[168]  E. Agardh,et al.  Effects of inhibition of glycation and oxidative stress on the development of diabetic nephropathy in rats. , 2002, Journal of diabetes and its complications.

[169]  R T Smith,et al.  Quantification of diabetic macular edema. , 1987, Archives of ophthalmology.

[170]  George A. Williams,et al.  Vitrectomy for diffuse diabetic macular edema associated with a taut premacular posterior hyaloid. , 2000, American journal of ophthalmology.

[171]  J. Folkman,et al.  Hypoxic Induction of Endothelial Cell Growth Factors in Retinal Cells: Identification and Characterization of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) as the Mitogen , 1995 .

[172]  T. Scott,et al.  Vascular and neural changes in the rat optic nerve following induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. , 1986, Journal of anatomy.

[173]  G. Coscas,et al.  [Treatment of diabetic cystoid macular edema by argon laser photocoagulation]. , 1984, Journal francais d'ophtalmologie.

[174]  I. Wallow,et al.  Permeability and patency of retinal blood vessels in experimental diabetes. , 1977, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[175]  酒田 久美 Relationship between macular microcirculation and progression of diabetic macular edema , 2006 .

[176]  P. Rosenfeld,et al.  Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) for macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion. , 2005, Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging : the official journal of the International Society for Imaging in the Eye.

[177]  B. Kalvodová,et al.  [Results of vitrectomy in cystoid diabetic macular edema detected by optical coherence tomography]. , 2002, Ceska a slovenska oftalmologie : casopis Ceske oftalmologicke spolecnosti a Slovenske oftalmologicke spolecnosti.

[178]  J. Duker,et al.  Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema. , 2002, Ophthalmology.

[179]  D L DeMets,et al.  The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. IV. Diabetic macular edema. , 1984, Ophthalmology.

[180]  T. Sakamoto [Cell biology of hyalocytes]. , 2003, Nippon Ganka Gakkai zasshi.

[181]  A. Laties,et al.  Increase of basal cell membrane area of the retinal pigment epithelium in experimental diabetes. , 1984, Experimental eye research.

[182]  G. Schmid-Schönbein,et al.  Activated monocytes and granulocytes, capillary nonperfusion, and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy. , 1991, The American journal of pathology.

[183]  H. Hammes Pericytes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. , 2002, Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme.

[184]  H. Wieland,et al.  Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by platelet-activating factor and platelet-derived growth factor is downregulated by corticosteroids. , 1997, American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.

[185]  Ali Erginay,et al.  Optical coherence tomography assessment of the vitreoretinal relationship in diabetic macular edema. , 2005, American journal of ophthalmology.

[186]  P T de Jong,et al.  Angiotensin levels in the eye. , 1994, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[187]  M. Shahidi,et al.  Clinical assessment of the macula by retinal topography and thickness mapping. , 1997, American journal of ophthalmology.

[188]  G. Bresnick Diabetic maculopathy. A critical review highlighting diffuse macular edema. , 1983, Ophthalmology.

[189]  Stephen J. Aldington,et al.  Risks of progression of retinopathy and vision loss related to tight blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: UKPDS 69. , 2004, Archives of ophthalmology.

[190]  E. Stefánsson,et al.  Retinal vasoconstriction after laser treatment for diabetic macular edema. , 1993, American journal of ophthalmology.

[191]  Hidehiro Ishii,et al.  Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Induced Retinal Permeability Is Mediated by Protein Kinase C In Vivo and Suppressed by an Orally Effective β-Isoform–Selective Inhibitor , 1997, Diabetes.

[192]  P. Mcneil,et al.  Growth factors are released by mechanically wounded endothelial cells , 1989, Journal of Cell Biology.

[193]  T. Yamamoto,et al.  Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema: the role of posterior vitreous detachment and epimacular membrane. , 2001, American journal of ophthalmology.

[194]  T. Kern,et al.  Pharmacological inhibition of diabetic retinopathy: aminoguanidine and aspirin. , 2001, Diabetes.

[195]  R. Avery,et al.  Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. , 2006, Ophthalmology.

[196]  G. Soubrane,et al.  [Laser photocoagulation treatment of diabetic maculopathy]. , 1995, Bulletin de la Societe belge d'ophtalmologie.

[197]  L. Claesson‐Welsh,et al.  VEGF receptor signalling ? in control of vascular function , 2006, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[198]  A. Malik,et al.  Protein kinase C β1 overexpression augments phorbol ester‐induced increase in endothelial permeability , 1996, Journal of cellular physiology.

[199]  Y. Ogura,et al.  PKC-beta inhibitor (LY333531) attenuates leukocyte entrapment in retinal microcirculation of diabetic rats. , 2000, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[200]  S. Bursell,et al.  Correlation of diacylglycerol level and protein kinase C activity in rat retina to retinal circulation. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[201]  E Reichel,et al.  Topography of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. , 1998, Ophthalmology.

[202]  H Lund-Andersen,et al.  THE BLOOD‐RETINAL BARRIER PERMEABILITY IN DIABETIC PATIENTS , 1981, Acta ophthalmologica.

[203]  B. Giepmans,et al.  The gap junction protein connexin43 interacts with the second PDZ domain of the zona occludens-1 protein , 1998, Current Biology.

[204]  J. Witztum,et al.  Aminoguanidine inhibits oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein protein and the subsequent increase in uptake by macrophage scavenger receptors. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[205]  Lloyd Paul Aiello A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. , 2008, Ophthalmology.

[206]  A. Cosgarea,et al.  Renal histamine increases in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. , 1986, Experimental and molecular pathology.

[207]  I. Wallow,et al.  Focal photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. A clinicopathologic case report. , 1988, Retina.

[208]  J. Vander Intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin) for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration , 2007 .

[209]  P. Dandona,et al.  Increased histamine in plasma and tissues in diabetic rats. , 1988, Diabetes research (Edinburgh, Scotland).

[210]  P. Stanga,et al.  Micropulse laser in the treatment of diabetic macular edema. , 1999, Seminars in ophthalmology.

[211]  H. Hammes,et al.  Pericytes and the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy , 2005, Diabetes.

[212]  C. Trempe,et al.  Vitreoretinal relationship in diabetic retinopathy. A biomicroscopic evaluation. , 1981, Archives of ophthalmology.

[213]  Josef F. Bille,et al.  Scanning Laser Tomography of the Living Human Eye , 1990 .

[214]  C. Nishimura,et al.  Alterations in the Retinal Dopaminergic Neuronal System in Rats with Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetes , 1985, Journal of neurochemistry.

[215]  M. Matsumura,et al.  Pigment epithelium-derived factor in the vitreous is low in diabetic retinopathy and high in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. , 2001, American journal of ophthalmology.

[216]  D L DeMets,et al.  The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. VI. Retinal photocoagulation. , 1987, Ophthalmology.

[217]  M. Brownlee Glycation and Diabetic Complications , 1994, Diabetes.

[218]  O. Arslan,et al.  Treatment of diabetic macular edema: a comparison between argon and dye lasers. , 1993, Annals of ophthalmology.

[219]  G. Palade,et al.  Increased microvascular permeability and endothelial fenestration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor. , 1995, Journal of cell science.

[220]  W. J. Carroll,et al.  Aortic histamine synthesis and aortic albumin accumulation in diabetes: activity-uptake relationships. , 1985, Experimental and molecular pathology.

[221]  B. Williams,et al.  Angiotensin II increases vascular permeability factor gene expression by human vascular smooth muscle cells. , 1995, Hypertension.

[222]  Hiroshi Yamamoto,et al.  Advanced Glycation End Products-driven Angiogenesis in Vitro , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[223]  J. Sebag,et al.  Ageing of the vitreous , 1987, Eye.

[224]  J. Duker,et al.  A standardized method for reporting changes in macular thickening using optical coherence tomography. , 2005, Archives of ophthalmology.

[225]  大谷 倫裕 Tomographic assessment of vitreous surgery for diabetic macular edema , 2002 .

[226]  G. Kahlson New Approaches to the Physiology of Histamine , 2015, Physiological reviews.

[227]  S. Nie,et al.  Raman spectroscopy of human vitreous in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. , 1994, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[228]  E. T. Collins Papers for the London Convention , 1925 .

[229]  P. Kaiser,et al.  Macular traction detachment and diabetic macular edema associated with posterior hyaloidal traction. , 2001, American journal of ophthalmology.

[230]  K. Emi,et al.  Optical cross-sectional observation of resolved diabetic macular edema associated with vitreomacular separation. , 2000, American journal of ophthalmology.

[231]  N. Yoshimura,et al.  Increased production of transforming growth factor-beta 2 from cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells by photocoagulation. , 1994, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[232]  D. Eliott,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor is present in glial cells of the retina and optic nerve of human subjects with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. , 1997, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[233]  S. Wolff,et al.  Aminoguanidine: a drug proposed for prophylaxis in diabetes inhibits catalase and generates hydrogen peroxide in vitro. , 1993, Biochemical pharmacology.

[234]  E. Kohner,et al.  Xenon arc photocoagulation for the treatment of diabetic maculopathy. Interim report of a multicentre controlled clinical study. , 1980, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[235]  P. Leuenberger,et al.  Remodeling of retinal capillaries in the diabetic hypertensive rat. , 1999, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[236]  D. Puro,et al.  Endothelin-induced changes in the physiology of retinal pericytes. , 2002, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[237]  G. Yancopoulos,et al.  VEGF-initiated blood-retinal barrier breakdown in early diabetes. , 2001, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[238]  P. Campochiaro,et al.  Retinal pigment epithelial cells release inhibitors of neovascularization. , 1987, Ophthalmology.

[239]  R. Olk,et al.  Diode laser (810 nm) versus argon green (514 nm) modified grid photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. , 1997, Ophthalmology.

[240]  J. Jonas,et al.  Diffuse diabetic macular oedema treated by intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide: a comparative, non-randomised study , 2005, British Journal of Ophthalmology.

[241]  E. Kohner,et al.  Production of Endothelin 1 by Cultured Bovine Retinal Endothelial Cells and Presence of Endothelin Receptors on Associated Pericytes , 1989, Diabetes.

[242]  P. Fasching,et al.  Nitric Oxide and Ocular Blood Flow in Patients With IDDM , 1997, Diabetes.

[243]  H. Vlassara Recent Progress in Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetic Complications , 1997, Diabetes.

[244]  T. Hohman,et al.  An aldose reductase inhibitor and aminoguanidine prevent vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rats with long-term galactosemia. , 1997, Archives of ophthalmology.

[245]  Thomas S. Reese,et al.  FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF A BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TO EXOGENOUS PEROXIDASE , 1967, The Journal of cell biology.

[246]  C. Whiteside,et al.  Mesangial cell protein kinase C isozyme activation in the diabetic milieu. , 2002, American journal of physiology. Renal physiology.

[247]  J. Fandino,et al.  [Comparative study of efficacy of focal photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema according to the wave length used]. , 1989, Journal francais d'ophtalmologie.

[248]  J. Jonas,et al.  Optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser tomography for assessment of macular edema. , 2004, American journal of ophthalmology.

[249]  C. V. Van Itallie,et al.  Tight junctions and the molecular basis for regulation of paracellular permeability. , 1995, The American journal of physiology.

[250]  E. Gragoudas,et al.  Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[251]  Manju Patel,et al.  A phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema. , 2005, Ophthalmology.

[252]  J. Cunha-Vaz,et al.  Studies on the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. IV. Junctional complexes of the retinal vessels and their role in the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. , 1966, Experimental eye research.

[253]  R. Bucala,et al.  Advanced glycation end products increase retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression. , 1998, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[254]  A C Bird,et al.  Confocal imaging of the fundus using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. , 1992, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[255]  M. De Plasma protein changes, blood viscosity, and diabetic microangiopathy. , 1976 .

[256]  R. Bain,et al.  The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[257]  G. King,et al.  The cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications. , 1996, Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America.

[258]  L. Aiello,et al.  Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells. , 1995, Archives of ophthalmology.

[259]  T. Gardner Histamine, ZO-1 and increased blood-retinal barrier permeability in diabetic retinopathy. , 1995, Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society.

[260]  A. Reder,et al.  Cytokines in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. , 1992, American journal of ophthalmology.

[261]  D. Guyer,et al.  Subretinal fibrosis after laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. , 1992, American journal of ophthalmology.

[262]  H. Schmid-schönbein,et al.  Red-cell aggregation and red-cell deformability in diabetes. , 1976, Diabetes.

[263]  J. Ingelfinger,et al.  Renal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes: functional, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological correlations. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[264]  L. Orci,et al.  Basic fibroblast growth factor induces angiogenesis in vitro. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[265]  K. Kashiwagi,et al.  MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES IN HUMAN DIABETIC AND NONDIABETIC VITREOUS , 2001, Retina.

[266]  J. Berger Thermal modelling of micropulsed diode laser retinal photocoagulation , 1997, Lasers in surgery and medicine.

[267]  W. Mieler,et al.  Submacular fibrosis after photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. , 1992, American journal of ophthalmology.

[268]  C. Trempe,et al.  Prognostic value of vitreous findings in diabetic retinopathy. , 1982, Archives of ophthalmology.

[269]  Michael Larsen,et al.  Diabetic macular edema assessed with optical coherence tomography and stereo fundus photography. , 2002, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[270]  J. Cunha-Vaz The blood-retinal barriers , 1976, Documenta Ophthalmologica.

[271]  N. Occleston,et al.  A prospective study of matrix metalloproteinases in proliferative vitreoretinopathy. , 1998, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[272]  J. Tarbell,et al.  Vascular permeability in experimental diabetes is associated with reduced endothelial occludin content: vascular endothelial growth factor decreases occludin in retinal endothelial cells. Penn State Retina Research Group. , 1998, Diabetes.

[273]  M. Corada,et al.  Endothelial cell‐to‐cell junctions , 1995, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[274]  G. Blankenship Diabetic macular edema and argon laser photocoagulation: a prospective randomized study. , 1979, Ophthalmology.

[275]  A. Erginay,et al.  Retinal thickness in healthy and diabetic subjects measured using optical coherence tomography mapping software. , 2002, European journal of ophthalmology.

[276]  S. Bursell,et al.  Regulation of retinal hemodynamics in diabetic rats by increased expression and action of endothelin-1. , 1996, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[277]  F. Ferris,et al.  Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. , 1987, Archives of ophthalmology.

[278]  H. Jampel,et al.  Ocular effects of the endothelins. Abundant peptides in the eye. , 1991, Archives of ophthalmology.

[279]  Philip J Rosenfeld,et al.  Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[280]  N. Osborne,et al.  Pertussis toxin-sensitive melatonin receptors negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase associated with cultured human and rat retinal pigment epithelial cells. , 1995, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[281]  C. Scholfield,et al.  Effect of Glucose on Endothelin-1-induced Calcium Transients in Cultured Bovine Retinal Pericytes* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[282]  D. Weinberger,et al.  Retinal thickness variation in the diabetic patient measured by the retinal thickness analyser , 1998, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[283]  J. H. Schwartz,et al.  Ca(2+)-independent protein kinase Cs contain an amino-terminal domain similar to the C2 consensus sequence. , 1993, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[284]  Ran Zeimer,et al.  Comparison between retinal thickness analyzer and optical coherence tomography for assessment of foveal thickness in eyes with macular disease , 2003 .

[285]  M. Tso,et al.  Pathologic studies of the blood--retinal barrier in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat. , 1984, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[286]  A. Laties,et al.  Early morphological alteration of the pigment epithelium in streptozotocin-induced diabetes: increased surface area of the basal cell membrane. , 1980, Experimental eye research.

[287]  D. Albert,et al.  Principles and practice of ophthalmology , 1999 .

[288]  L. Aiello,et al.  Effect of ruboxistaurin on blood-retinal barrier permeability in relation to severity of leakage in diabetic macular edema. , 2005, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[289]  H. Yamashita,et al.  Plasma level of interleukin-6 is an indicator for predicting diabetic macular edema. , 2002, Japanese journal of ophthalmology.

[290]  A. Kamei,et al.  Pyridoxal-aminoguanidine adduct is more effective than aminoguanidine in preventing neuropathy and cataract in diabetic rats. , 2004, Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme.

[291]  C. Trempe,et al.  Vitreomacular observations. I. Vitreomacular adhesion and hole in the premacular hyaloid. , 1994, Ophthalmology.

[292]  S. Citi,et al.  Tight junction proteins. , 1998, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[293]  S. Kishi,et al.  A controlled study of vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. , 2002, American journal of ophthalmology.

[294]  E. Agardh,et al.  Effects of inhibition of glycation and oxidative stress on the development of cataract and retinal vessel abnormalities in diabetic rats. , 2000, Current eye research.

[295]  C. Toth,et al.  ELECTRON IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF POSTERIOR HYALOID ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA , 2000, Retina.

[296]  D. McMillan,et al.  Reduced Erythrocyte Deformability in Diabetes , 1978, Diabetes.

[297]  P. Dandona,et al.  Plasma histamine concentrations are elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease. , 1989, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[298]  Gardner Tw Histamine, ZO-1 and increased blood-retinal barrier permeability in diabetic retinopathy. , 1995 .

[299]  F. Foster,et al.  Subsurface ultrasound microscopic imaging of the intact eye. , 1990, Ophthalmology.

[300]  D. Wilson,et al.  Argon laser panretinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. Scanning electron microscopy of human choroidal vascular casts. , 1987, Archives of ophthalmology.

[301]  K. Suzuma,et al.  EFFICACY OF SURGICAL REMOVAL OF THE INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE IN DIABETIC CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA , 2005, Retina.

[302]  J. Cunha-Vaz,et al.  Breakdown of the inner and outer blood retinal barrier in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. , 1998, Experimental eye research.

[303]  A. Sjølie,et al.  Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes , 1998, The Lancet.

[304]  M. Itoh,et al.  Interspecies diversity of the occludin sequence: cDNA cloning of human, mouse, dog, and rat-kangaroo homologues , 1996, The Journal of cell biology.

[305]  R. Caldwell,et al.  Lanthanum and freeze-fracture studies of retinal pigment epithelial cell junctions in the streptozotocin diabetic rat. , 1985, Current eye research.

[306]  A. Gandorfer Diffuse diabetic macular edema: pathology and implications for surgery. , 2007, Developments in ophthalmology.

[307]  Bernd Kirchhof,et al.  Retinal vascular endothelial growth factor induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and initiates early diabetic retinal leukocyte adhesion in vivo. , 2002, The American journal of pathology.

[308]  N. Bhagat,et al.  Pars plana vitrectomy for refractory diabetic macular edema , 2003, Seminars in ophthalmology.

[309]  H. Yamashita,et al.  Vitreous levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are related to diabetic macular edema. , 2006, Ophthalmology.

[310]  Einar Stefánsson,et al.  Retinal vessel dilatation and elongation precedes diabetic macular oedema , 1997, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[311]  C. Schepens,et al.  Biomicroscopic study of vitreous cavity in diabetic retinopathy. , 1966, Archives of ophthalmology.

[312]  H. Vinters,et al.  Clinicopathologic case report: akinetic mutism with findings of white matter hyperintensity. , 2002, The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[313]  J. Kern,et al.  Changes in plasma histamine concentration in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. , 1985, Experimental and molecular pathology.

[314]  M. Boulton,et al.  Retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture produce retinal vascular mitogens. , 1988, Archives of ophthalmology.

[315]  J. Cunha-Vaz,et al.  Studies on the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. I. On the existence, development, and site of a blood-retinal barrier. , 1966, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[316]  Hiroshi Yamamoto,et al.  Inhibition of diabetic leukostasis and blood-retinal barrier breakdown with a soluble form of a receptor for advanced glycation end products. , 2007, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[317]  Progression of retinopathy with intensive versus conventional treatment in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. , 1995, Ophthalmology.

[318]  Marshall Ah,et al.  EPSOM SALTS FOR HYALINE-MEMBRANE DISEASE. , 1964 .

[319]  J. Scott,et al.  Organization of kinases, phosphatases, and receptor signaling complexes. , 1999, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[320]  Elad Schneidman,et al.  Quantitative in vivo retinal thickness measurements in healthy subjects. , 1997, Ophthalmology.

[321]  G. Opdenakker,et al.  Gelatinase B in proliferative vitreoretinal disorders. , 1998, American journal of ophthalmology.

[322]  E. Keshet,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis , 1992, Nature.

[323]  Robert N. Johnson,et al.  Progressive enlargement of laser scars following grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. , 1991, Archives of ophthalmology.

[324]  T. Taguchi,et al.  In vivo formation of a Schiff base of aminoguanidine with pyridoxal phosphate. , 1998, Biochemical pharmacology.

[325]  R. Olk,et al.  Modified grid laser photocoagulation for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Long-term visual results. , 1991, Ophthalmology.

[326]  R. Klein,et al.  Relation of Glycemic Control to Diabetic Complications and Health Outcomes , 1998, Diabetes Care.

[327]  David Keating,et al.  Repeatability and reproducibility of macular thickness measurements with the Humphrey OCT system. , 2002, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[328]  H. Kwaan,et al.  Increased platelet aggregation in diabetes mellitus. , 1972, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[329]  M. Lishner,et al.  Long-Term Stabilizing Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Plasma Creatinine and on Proteinuria in Normotensive Type II Diabetic Patients , 1993, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[330]  M. Laimins,et al.  Increased platelet aggregation in early diabetus mellitus. , 1975, Annals of internal medicine.

[331]  K. Wada,et al.  Microglia–Müller Glia Cell Interactions Control Neurotrophic Factor Production during Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[332]  Y. Ogura,et al.  Quantitative analysis of foveal retinal thickness in diabetic retinopathy with the scanning retinal thickness analyzer. , 1998, Retina.

[333]  A. Kessels,et al.  Vitrectomy results in diabetic macular oedema without evident vitreomacular traction , 2001, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.

[334]  L. Aiello,et al.  Randomized trial of peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide with and without focal photocoagulation for mild diabetic macular edema: a pilot study. , 2007, Ophthalmology.

[335]  G. Kieselbach,et al.  [Visual status in diabetic maculopathy after central photocoagulation]. , 1989, Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde.

[336]  R. Schrier,et al.  The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[337]  H. Ahmadieh,et al.  Posterior Sub-Tenon Triamcinolone for Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema: A Randomized Clinical Trial , 2005, European journal of ophthalmology.

[338]  T. Gardner,et al.  The molecular structure and function of the inner blood-retinal barrier , 2004, Documenta Ophthalmologica.

[339]  M. Matsumura,et al.  Expression of cytokines and transcription factors in photocoagulated human retinal pigment epithelial cells , 2001, Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.

[340]  J. Manson,et al.  A prospective study of serum lipids and risk of diabetic macular edema in type 1 diabetes. , 2004, Diabetes.

[341]  L. Persson,et al.  Stabilization of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase by aminoguanidine. , 1993, Biochemical pharmacology.

[342]  A Yoshida,et al.  RETINAL THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS WITH OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND THE SCANNING RETINAL THICKNESS ANALYZER , 2001, Retina.

[343]  J. Jonas,et al.  Intravitreal injection of crystalline cortisone as adjunctive treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy , 2000, The British journal of ophthalmology.

[344]  A. Cohen A Possible Cytological Basis for the ‘R’ Membrane in the Vertebrate Eye , 1965, Nature.

[345]  Einar Stefánsson,et al.  Ocular oxygenation and the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. , 2006, Survey of ophthalmology.

[346]  F. Haselton,et al.  Partial characterization of the human retinal endothelial cell tight and adherens junction complexes. , 1998, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[347]  David J Browning,et al.  Comparison of the clinical diagnosis of diabetic macular edema with diagnosis by optical coherence tomography. , 2004, Ophthalmology.

[348]  G. Kieselbach,et al.  Visusergebnisse bei diabetischer Makulopathie nach zentraler Photokoagulation , 1989 .

[349]  S. Chakrabarti,et al.  Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3-like immunoreactivity in the eyes of diabetic and non-diabetic BB/W rats. , 1997, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[350]  A. Barber,et al.  A new view of diabetic retinopathy: a neurodegenerative disease of the eye , 2003, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[351]  B Kirchhof,et al.  Leukocyte-mediated endothelial cell injury and death in the diabetic retina. , 2001, The American journal of pathology.

[352]  T. Gardner,et al.  Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induces Rapid Phosphorylation of Tight Junction Proteins Occludin and Zonula Occluden 1 , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[353]  E. Herderick,et al.  Intersession repeatability of macular thickness measurements with the Humphrey 2000 OCT. , 2000, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[354]  Barry R. Masters,et al.  Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology , 1990, Springer New York.

[355]  M. Brownlee,et al.  Aminoguanidine inhibits reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, and oxidant-induced apoptosis. , 1998, Diabetes.

[356]  P. Campochiaro,et al.  Cellular mechanisms of blood-retinal barrier dysfunction in macular edema , 2004, Documenta Ophthalmologica.

[357]  H. Salti,et al.  Posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diabetic macular edema. , 2005, American journal of ophthalmology.

[358]  L. Aiello,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[359]  R. Klein,et al.  The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XVII. The 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes. , 1998, Ophthalmology.

[360]  D. Antonetti,et al.  Vascular permeability in ocular disease and the role of tight junctions , 2007, Angiogenesis.

[361]  A. Kampik,et al.  RESOLUTION OF DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA AFTER SURGICAL REMOVAL OF THE POSTERIOR HYALOID AND THE INNER LIMITING MEMBRANE , 2000, Retina.

[362]  S. Nigam,et al.  Molecular structure and assembly of the tight junction. , 1998, The American journal of physiology.

[363]  C M Moorman,et al.  Clinical applications of the MicroPulse diode laser , 1999, Eye.

[364]  J. Stone,et al.  Relationship between astrocytes, ganglion cells and vasculature of the retina , 1987, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[365]  T. Hikichi,et al.  Association between the short-term natural history of diabetic macular edema and the vitreomacular relationship in type II diabetes mellitus. , 1997, Ophthalmology.

[366]  Quan Dong Nguyen,et al.  Supplemental oxygen improves diabetic macular edema: a pilot study. , 2004, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[367]  S. Bursell,et al.  Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC beta inhibitor. , 1996, Science.

[368]  M. Hogan THE VITREOUS, ITS STRUCTURE, AND RELATION TO THE CILIARY BODY AND RETINA. PROCTOR AWARD LECTURE. , 1963, Investigative ophthalmology.

[369]  W. Li,et al.  Retinal capillary pericyte apoptosis in early human diabetic retinopathy. , 1997, Chinese medical journal.

[370]  S. Chakrabarti,et al.  Role of vasoactive factors in the pathogenesis of early changes in diabetic retinopathy , 2000, Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews.

[371]  L. Matrisian The matrix‐degrading metalloproteinases , 1992, Journal of neuro-oncology.

[372]  R. Weinreb,et al.  Prostaglandins increase matrix metalloproteinase release from human ciliary smooth muscle cells. , 1997, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[373]  D. Wilson,et al.  Macular grid photocoagulation. An experimental study on the primate retina. , 1988, Archives of ophthalmology.

[374]  A. Giovannini,et al.  Optical coherence tomography findings in diabetic macular edema before and after vitrectomy. , 2000, Ophthalmic surgery and lasers.

[375]  R. Frank,et al.  On the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. , 1984, Ophthalmology.

[376]  G. Bresnick,et al.  DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA: A REVIEW , 1986 .

[377]  H. Hammes,et al.  Aminoguanidine treatment inhibits the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[378]  M. Polokoff,et al.  Endothelins: molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. , 1994, Pharmacological reviews.

[379]  T. Aaberg,et al.  Argon laser photocoagulation treatment of diabetic cystoid maculopathy. , 1977, Annals of ophthalmology.

[380]  E. Dejuan,et al.  Human diabetic neovascular membranes contain high levels of urokinase and metalloproteinase enzymes. , 1999, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[381]  K. Miyarnoto Prevention of leukostasis and vascular leakage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 inhibition , 1999 .