Sodium Signals and Their Significance for Axonal Function

Regulation of intracellular sodium ion concentration ([Na+]i) is critical for nervous system function, not only because Na+ ions are the major current carriers during action potentials and excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurones, but also because many other cellular functions are directly dependent on the inwardly directed Na+ gradient.

[1]  W. Ho,et al.  Interplay between Na+/Ca2+ Exchangers and Mitochondria in Ca2+ Clearance at the Calyx of Held , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[2]  M. Hediger,et al.  The glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter family SLC1: molecular, physiological and pharmacological aspects , 2004, Pflügers Archiv.

[3]  P. Stys,et al.  Anoxic and Ischemic Injury of Myelinated Axons in CNS White Matter: From Mechanistic Concepts to Therapeutics , 1998, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[4]  L. Trussell,et al.  Axon Initial Segment Ca2+ Channels Influence Action Potential Generation and Timing , 2009, Neuron.

[5]  Presynaptic AMPA receptors: more than just ion channels? , 2004, Biology of the cell.

[6]  M. Chesler Regulation and modulation of pH in the brain. , 2003, Physiological reviews.

[7]  S. Waxman,et al.  Immunolocalization of the Na+–Ca2+ exchanger in mammalian myelinated axons , 1997, Brain Research.

[8]  L. Kaczmarek,et al.  For K+ channels, Na+ is the new Ca2+ , 2005, Trends in Neurosciences.

[9]  Jia Newcombe,et al.  Molecular changes in neurons in multiple sclerosis: altered axonal expression of Nav1.2 and Nav1.6 sodium channels and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  Na+ signals at central synapses. , 2002, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[11]  S G Waxman,et al.  Role of extracellular calcium in anoxic injury of mammalian central white matter. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  Effects of K+ channel blockers on the anoxic response of CNS myelinated axons , 1998, Neuroreport.

[13]  M. Bond,et al.  Fast axonal transport is modulated by altering trans-axolemmal calcium flux. , 1992, Cell calcium.

[14]  L. Rosenberg,et al.  REVIEW ■ : Physical Injury of Neurons: Important Roles for Sodium and Chloride Ions , 1997 .

[15]  Rafael Yuste,et al.  Imaging membrane potential in dendritic spines. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[16]  W. N. Ross,et al.  Na+ imaging reveals little difference in action potential–evoked Na+ influx between axon and soma , 2010, Nature Neuroscience.

[17]  C. Rose,et al.  Mechanisms of H+ and Na+ Changes Induced by Glutamate, Kainate, and d-Aspartate in Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[18]  S. Chiu,et al.  N-Type Calcium Channels and Their Regulation by GABABReceptors in Axons of Neonatal Rat Optic Nerve , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[19]  Y. Li,et al.  Contributions of Na+ flux and the anoxic depolarization to adenosine 5′-triphosphate levels in hypoxic/hypoglycemic rat hippocampal slices , 1998, Neuroscience.

[20]  J. A. Wilson,et al.  Action potentials induce uniform calcium influx in mammalian myelinated optic nerves. , 2006, Journal of neurophysiology.

[21]  S. Chiu,et al.  Neurotransmitter‐mediated signaling between axons and glial cells , 1994, Glia.

[22]  G. Azarias,et al.  In situ fluorescence imaging of glutamate‐evoked mitochondrial Na+ responses in astrocytes , 2006, Glia.

[23]  H. Reuter,et al.  Localization and functional significance of the Na+/Ca2+exchanger in presynaptic boutons of hippocampal cells in culture , 1995, Neuron.

[24]  A Konnerth,et al.  Axonal calcium entry during fast ‘sodium’ action potentials in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurones. , 1996, The Journal of physiology.

[25]  Claude Bergman,et al.  Increase of sodium concentration near the inner surface of the nodal membrane , 2004, Pflügers Archiv.

[26]  A. Hodgkin,et al.  A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve , 1952, The Journal of physiology.

[27]  S. B. Kater,et al.  Dendritic spines: cellular specializations imparting both stability and flexibility to synaptic function. , 1994, Annual review of neuroscience.

[28]  G. Mealing,et al.  Novel Injury Mechanism in Anoxia and Trauma of Spinal Cord White Matter: Glutamate Release via Reverse Na+-dependent Glutamate Transport , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[29]  P. Stys White matter injury mechanisms. , 2004, Current molecular medicine.

[30]  J. Kim,et al.  Presynaptic Ca2+ buffers control the strength of a fast post-tetanic hyperpolarization mediated by the α3 Na+/K+-ATPase , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[31]  B. Ransom,et al.  Anoxia-Induced Changes in Extracellular K+ and pH in Mammalian Central White Matter , 1992, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[32]  P. Stys,et al.  Ion transport and membrane potential in CNS myelinated axons. II. Effects of metabolic inhibition. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[33]  C. Jahr,et al.  Patterned expression of Purkinje cell glutamate transporters controls synaptic plasticity , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[34]  Xian-Min Yu,et al.  Gain control of NMDA-receptor currents by intracellular sodium , 1998, Nature.

[35]  M. Staufenbiel,et al.  574 Localization and functional significance of presenilin S182 , 1996, Neurobiology of Aging.

[36]  Stephen G. Waxman,et al.  Axonal conduction and injury in multiple sclerosis: the role of sodium channels , 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[37]  P. Stys,et al.  Important role of reverse Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange in spinal cord white matter injury at physiological temperature. , 2000, Journal of neurophysiology.

[38]  M. Salter,et al.  Src, a molecular switch governing gain control of synaptic transmission mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[39]  T. Otis,et al.  Interactions between glutamate transporters and metabotropic glutamate receptors at excitatory synapses in the cerebellar cortex , 2004, Neurochemistry International.

[40]  W. N. Ross,et al.  Spatial distribution of synaptically activated sodium concentration changes in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[41]  H. Reuter,et al.  A Role of Intracellular Na+ in the Regulation of Synaptic Transmission and Turnover of the Vesicular Pool in Cultured Hippocampal Cells , 1996, Neuron.

[42]  M. Fehlings,et al.  The effect of the sodium channel blocker QX-314 on recovery after acute spinal cord injury. , 1997, Journal of neurotrauma.

[43]  S. Chiu,et al.  Coupling of calcium homeostasis to axonal sodium in axons of mouse optic nerve. , 2002, Journal of neurophysiology.

[44]  RS Zucker,et al.  Posttetanic potentiation at the crayfish neuromuscular junction is dependent on both intracellular calcium and sodium ion accumulation , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[45]  C. Rose Book Review: Na+ Signals at Central Synapses , 2002 .

[46]  D. Linden,et al.  Induction of cerebellar long-term depression in culture requires postsynaptic action of Sodium Ions , 1993, Neuron.

[47]  M. Salter,et al.  The Mechanisms of Acute Ischemic Injury in the Cell Processes of Developing White Matter Astrocytes , 2008, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[48]  S G Waxman,et al.  Ionic mechanisms of anoxic injury in mammalian CNS white matter: role of Na+ channels and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[49]  Andrew Ridsdale,et al.  Calcium imaging in live rat optic nerve myelinated axons in vitro using confocal laser microscopy , 2000, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[50]  A Konnerth,et al.  NMDA Receptor-Mediated Na+ Signals in Spines and Dendrites , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[51]  S. Orlov,et al.  [Na+]i‐induced c‐Fos expression is not mediated by activation of the 5′‐promoter containing known transcriptional elements , 2007, The FEBS journal.

[52]  S. Waxman,et al.  Protection of the axonal cytoskeleton in anoxic optic nerve by decreased extracellular calcium , 1993, Brain Research.

[53]  E. Barrett,et al.  Spatiotemporal gradients of intra‐axonal [Na+] after transection and resealing in lizard peripheral myelinated axons. , 1997, The Journal of physiology.

[54]  C. Rose High-resolution Na+ imaging in dendrites and spines , 2003, Pflügers Archiv.

[55]  A. Grinvald,et al.  Activity-dependent calcium transients in central nervous system myelinated axons revealed by the calcium indicator Fura-2. , 1987, Biophysical journal.

[56]  R. O'Shea Roles and regulation of glutamate transporters in the central nervous system , 2002, Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology.

[57]  I. Silver,et al.  Relations between intracellular ions and energy metabolism: a study with monensin in synaptosomes, neurons, and C6 glioma cells , 1991, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[58]  P. Jonas,et al.  Na(+)‐activated K+ channels localized in the nodal region of myelinated axons of Xenopus. , 1994, The Journal of physiology.

[59]  Peter K. Stys,et al.  General mechanisms of axonal damage and its prevention , 2005, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[60]  R Y Tsien,et al.  Fluorescent indicators for cytosolic sodium. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[61]  R. D. O'Shea,et al.  Transporters for L‐glutamate: An update on their molecular pharmacology and pathological involvement , 2007, British journal of pharmacology.

[62]  B. Hille Ionic channels of excitable membranes , 2001 .

[63]  C. Rose,et al.  Properties of the new fluorescent Na+ indicator CoroNa Green: Comparison with SBFI and confocal Na+ imaging , 2006, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[64]  C. Rose,et al.  Sodium signals in cerebellar Purkinje neurons and Bergmann glial cells evoked by glutamatergic synaptic transmission , 2008, Glia.

[65]  A. Konnerth,et al.  Two-photon Na+ imaging in spines and fine dendrites of central neurons , 1999, Pflügers Archiv.

[66]  M. Blaustein,et al.  Sodium/calcium exchange: its physiological implications. , 1999, Physiological reviews.

[67]  J. M. Ritchie,et al.  Molecular dissection of the myelinated axon , 1993, Annals of neurology.

[68]  M. Fehlings,et al.  Mechanisms of secondary injury to spinal cord axons in vitro: role of Na+, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, the Na(+)-H+ exchanger, and the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger , 1996, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[69]  D. Attwell,et al.  Neurotransmitter receptors in the life and death of oligodendrocytes , 2007, Neuroscience.

[70]  Boris Barbour,et al.  Multiple climbing fibers signal to molecular layer interneurons exclusively via glutamate spillover , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[71]  D. Johnston,et al.  A Synaptically Controlled, Associative Signal for Hebbian Plasticity in Hippocampal Neurons , 1997, Science.

[72]  P. Lipton,et al.  Ischemic cell death in brain neurons. , 1999, Physiological reviews.

[73]  W. N. Ross,et al.  Imaging voltage and synaptically activated sodium transients in cerebellar Purkinje cells , 1992, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[74]  P. Stys,et al.  Elemental composition and water content of rat optic nerve myelinated axons during in vitro post-anoxia reoxygenation , 1996, Neuroscience.

[75]  R. Dipolo,et al.  Na+ entry via glutamate transporter activates the reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchange and triggers ‐induced Ca2+ release in rat cerebellar Type‐1 astrocytes , 2007, Journal of neurochemistry.

[76]  L. Tretter,et al.  Glutamate release by an Na+ load and oxidative stress in nerve terminals: relevance to ischemia/reperfusion , 2002, Journal of neurochemistry.

[77]  R. Tsien,et al.  A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties. , 1985, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[78]  S Kriegler,et al.  Calcium signaling of glial cells along mammalian axons , 1993, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[79]  P. Strata,et al.  Elevation of intradendritic sodium concentration mediated by synaptic activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in cerebellar Purkinje cells , 2000, The European journal of neuroscience.

[80]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  Posttetanic hyperpolarization produced by electrogenic Na(+)-K+ pump in lizard axons impaled near their motor terminals. , 1993, Journal of neurophysiology.

[81]  C. Sheldon,et al.  Sodium Influx Pathways during and after Anoxia in Rat Hippocampal Neurons , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[82]  P. Grafe,et al.  Activity-dependent intracellular Ca2+ transients in unmyelinated nerve fibres of the isolated adult rat vagus nerve , 1998, Pflügers Archiv.

[83]  T. Otis,et al.  Neuronal Glutamate Transporters Control Activation of Postsynaptic Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and Influence Cerebellar Long-Term Depression , 2001, Neuron.

[84]  J. Chatton,et al.  Roles of Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange and of mitochondria in the regulation of presynaptic Ca2+ and spontaneous glutamate release. , 1999, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[85]  W. N. Ross,et al.  The spread of Na+ spikes determines the pattern of dendritic Ca2+ entry into hippocampal neurons , 1992, Nature.

[86]  Roberto Araya,et al.  Sodium channels amplify spine potentials , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[87]  Thomas Knöpfel,et al.  Book Review: Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: Electrical and Chemical Signaling Properties , 2002, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[88]  C. Chinopoulos,et al.  Exacerbated Responses to Oxidative Stress by an Na+Load in Isolated Nerve Terminals: the Role of ATP Depletion and Rise of [Ca2+]i , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[89]  C. Rose,et al.  Synaptically induced sodium signals in hippocampal astrocytes in situ , 2009, The Journal of physiology.

[90]  C. Vaughan,et al.  Glutamate Spillover Modulates GABAergic Synaptic Transmission in the Rat Midbrain Periaqueductal Grey via Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors and Endocannabinoid Signaling , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[91]  P. Stys,et al.  Na+-Dependent Sources of Intra-Axonal Ca2+ Release in Rat Optic Nerve during In Vitro Chemical Ischemia , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[92]  S. Orlov,et al.  Intracellular Monovalent Ions as Second Messengers , 2006, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[93]  M. Reith,et al.  Synaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6 , 2004, Pflügers Archiv.

[94]  S. Waxman,et al.  Anoxic injury in the rat spinal cord: pharmacological evidence for multiple steps in Ca(2+)-dependent injury of the dorsal columns. , 1997, Journal of neurotrauma.

[95]  W. Regehr Interplay between sodium and calcium dynamics in granule cell presynaptic terminals. , 1997, Biophysical journal.

[96]  Per Jesper Sjöström,et al.  Novel presynaptic mechanisms for coincidence detection in synaptic plasticity , 2006, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[97]  C. Rose,et al.  Ammonium‐evoked alterations in intracellular sodium and pH reduce glial glutamate transport activity , 2009, Glia.

[98]  Stephen G Waxman,et al.  Co-localization of sodium channel Nav1.6 and the sodium-calcium exchanger at sites of axonal injury in the spinal cord in EAE. , 2004, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[99]  T. Knöpfel,et al.  Olfactory nerve stimulation-evoked mGluR1 slow potentials, oscillations, and calcium signaling in mouse olfactory bulb mitral cells. , 2006, Journal of neurophysiology.

[100]  B. Kampa,et al.  Action potential generation requires a high sodium channel density in the axon initial segment , 2008, Nature Neuroscience.

[101]  G. Somjen Ion Regulation in the Brain: Implications for Pathophysiology , 2002, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[102]  O. Krishtal,et al.  Intracellular Na+ inhibits voltage‐dependent N‐type Ca2+ channels by a G protein βγ subunit‐dependent mechanism , 2004 .

[103]  B Sakmann,et al.  Spatial profile of dendritic calcium transients evoked by action potentials in rat neocortical pyramidal neurones. , 1995, The Journal of physiology.

[104]  P. Stys,et al.  Na+–K+-ATPase inhibition and depolarization induce glutamate release via reverse Na+-dependent transport in spinal cord white matter , 2001, Neuroscience.

[105]  D. Attwell,et al.  Reversal or reduction of glutamate and GABA transport in CNS pathology and therapy , 2004, Pflügers Archiv.

[106]  P. Stys,et al.  Elemental composition and water content of rat optic nerve myelinated axons and glial cells: effects of in vitro anoxia and reoxygenation , 1995, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[107]  A. Lo,et al.  Sodium channel blockade with phenytoin protects spinal cord axons, enhances axonal conduction, and improves functional motor recovery after contusion SCI , 2004, Experimental Neurology.

[108]  Xian-Min Yu The role of intracellular sodium in the regulation of NMDA-receptor-mediated channel activity and toxicity , 2006, Molecular Neurobiology.