Lessons Learned from the Design and Development of Vehicle Simulators: A Case Study with Three Different Simulators

Vehiclesimulatorsarecrucialtoolsusedinavarietyofareas,suchasaviation,driving,ormaritime transportation.Internationalstandardsrequiretheuseofmotion-basedvehiclesimulatorsintraining scenarios.However,thehugevarietyofapplicationsandrequirementsmakesitdifficultforendusers tofindamotion-basedcommercialsolutionthatfulfilstheirneeds.Ontheotherhand,commercial solutionsareusuallyexpensiveastheyinvolvespecifichardwareandsoftware.Althoughsomeadhocsolutionshavebeenreported,ageneralizeddesignstrategyisneeded.Inthisarticle,theauthors emphasizetheneedforfindingadevelopmentmethodologyfortheseimportanttoolsandtheypropose anoverallstrategyforthedesignofvehiclesimulators,focusingontherelevantdecisionsaccording to theauthors’ learnedexperience.The followingaspectsareconsidered:use,motionhardware, cockpit,users,displaytypes,costandphysicalspace.Finally,theauthorsshowthreecasestudies wherethesedecisionshavebeenalreadytaken:arescuespeedboatsimulator,atractorsimulatorand adrivingsimulator. KeywoRDS Design, Development, Methodology, Motion Cues, Multimodal Interaction, Simulation, Vehicle Simulator, Virtual Reality INTRoDUCTIoN AND ReLATeD woRK Vehiclesimulationrepresentsoneofthemostimportantmechanismstotrainpilots,testnewvehicular technologies,studyhumanfactors,teachdifferentprotocols,practicedrivingskillsorraiseawareness about different topics. A large variety of vehicle simulators have been proposed with different applicationsandvehicletypes,suchasplanes(Advani,Hosman,&Haeck,2002;Mauro,Gastaldi, Pastorelli,&Sorli,2016;Reid&Nahon,1988;Yavrucuk,Kubali,&Tarimci,2011),helicopters (Schroeder,1999;Wei,Amaya-Bower,Gates,Rose,&Vasko,2016;Wiskemannetal.,2014),cars (Chapron & Colinot, 2007; Jansson et al., 2014; Nehaoua et al., 2008), motorcycles (Avizzano, Barbagli,&Bergamasco,2000;Cossalter,Lot,Massaro,&Sartori,2011;Nehaoua,Hima,Arioui, Seguy,&Espié,2007), trucks(Thöndel,2012), tractors(Llerasetal.,2016),ships(Filipczuk& Nikiel,2008)orevenbicycles(Herpersetal.,2008;Schulzyk,Hartmann,Bongartz,Bildhauer,& Herpers,2009). Road safety, pilot training and vehicular design are some of the main areas where vehicle simulatorscanprovidesignificantadvantagesoverexperimentswithrealvehicles,sincetheycanbe usedtobothsavemoneyandhumanlives,amongmanyotheradvantages(Casas,Fernández,&Riera, International Journal of Virtual and Augmented Reality Volume 2 • Issue 1 • January-June 2018 6

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