Confidence Representation of Perceptual Decision by EEG and Eye Data in a Random Dot Motion Task

The Confidence of a decision could be considered as the internal estimate of decision accuracy. This variable has been studied extensively by different types of recording data such as behavioral, electroencephalography (EEG), eye and electrophysiology data. Although the value of the reported confidence is considered as one of the most important parameters in decision making, the confidence reporting phase might be considered as a restrictive element in investigating the decision process. Thus, decision confidence should be extracted by means of other provided types of information. Here, we proposed eight confidence related properties in EEG and eye data which are significantly descriptive of the defined confidence levels in a random dot motion (RDM) task. As a matter of fact, our proposed EEG and eye data properties are capable of recognizing more than nine distinct levels of confidence. Among our proposed features, the latency of the pupil maximum diameter through the stimulus presentation was established to be the most associated one to the confidence levels. Through the time-dependent analysis of these features, we recognized the time interval of 500-600 ms after the stimulus onset as an important time in correlating features to the confidence levels.

[1]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Choice Certainty Is Informed by Both Evidence and Decision Time , 2014, Neuron.

[2]  Pascal Mamassian,et al.  Does Confidence Use a Common Currency Across Two Visual Tasks? , 2014, Psychological science.

[3]  Roger Ratcliff,et al.  Modeling confidence judgments, response times, and multiple choices in decision making: recognition memory and motion discrimination. , 2013, Psychological review.

[4]  W. Newsome,et al.  Neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area LIP) of the rhesus monkey. , 2001, Journal of neurophysiology.

[5]  E. John,et al.  Evoked-Potential Correlates of Stimulus Uncertainty , 1965, Science.

[6]  Xiao-Jing Wang,et al.  Confidence estimation as a stochastic process in a neurodynamical system of decision making. , 2015, Journal of neurophysiology.

[7]  Ross Cunnington,et al.  Neural activity in readiness for incidental and explicitly timed actions , 2012, Neuropsychologia.

[8]  Nick Yeung,et al.  Shared Neural Markers of Decision Confidence and Error Detection , 2015, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[9]  Simon P. Kelly,et al.  Abstract and Effector-Selective Decision Signals Exhibit Qualitatively Distinct Dynamics before Delayed Perceptual Reports , 2016, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[10]  Arnaud Delorme,et al.  EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis , 2004, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[11]  S. Kelly,et al.  The classic P300 encodes a build‐to‐threshold decision variable , 2015, The European journal of neuroscience.

[12]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Decision Making as a Window on Cognition , 2013, Neuron.

[13]  Quick Rf.  A vector-magnitude model of contrast detection. , 1974 .

[14]  Radoslaw Martin Cichy,et al.  Resolving human object recognition in space and time , 2014, Nature Neuroscience.

[15]  Alexandre Pouget,et al.  Probabilistic vs. non-probabilistic approaches to the neurobiology of perceptual decision-making , 2012, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[16]  Braden A. Purcell,et al.  Hierarchical decision processes that operate over distinct timescales underlie choice and changes in strategy , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[17]  A. Voss,et al.  Diffusion models in experimental psychology: a practical introduction. , 2013, Experimental psychology.

[18]  Mehrdad Jazayeri,et al.  Representation of Accumulating Evidence for a Decision in Two Parietal Areas , 2015, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[19]  R. Ratcliff,et al.  Modeling confidence and response time in recognition memory. , 2009, Psychological review.

[20]  D H Brainard,et al.  The Psychophysics Toolbox. , 1997, Spatial vision.

[21]  Roger Ratcliff,et al.  The Diffusion Decision Model: Theory and Data for Two-Choice Decision Tasks , 2008, Neural Computation.

[22]  J V Baranski,et al.  Probing the locus of confidence judgments: experiments on the time to determine confidence. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[23]  Hauke R. Heekeren,et al.  Linking neuronal variability to perceptual decision making via neuroimaging , 2011 .

[24]  S. Fleming,et al.  Explicit representation of confidence informs future value-based decisions , 2016, Nature Human Behaviour.

[25]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex , 2009, Science.

[26]  J. Gold,et al.  Banburismus and the Brain Decoding the Relationship between Sensory Stimuli, Decisions, and Reward , 2002, Neuron.

[27]  Hatim A. Zariwala,et al.  Neural correlates, computation and behavioural impact of decision confidence , 2008, Nature.

[28]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Decision-making with multiple alternatives , 2008, Nature Neuroscience.

[29]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects Temporal Integration of Visual Motion Signals during Perceptual Decision Making , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[30]  A. Mognon,et al.  ADJUST: An automatic EEG artifact detector based on the joint use of spatial and temporal features. , 2011, Psychophysiology.

[31]  Philip L. Smith,et al.  A comparison of sequential sampling models for two-choice reaction time. , 2004, Psychological review.

[32]  Andreas Voss,et al.  Fast-dm: A free program for efficient diffusion model analysis , 2007, Behavior research methods.

[33]  L. Snyder,et al.  Cortical alpha activity predicts the confidence in an impending action , 2015, Front. Neurosci..

[34]  E. McSorley,et al.  Dissociation between the impact of evidence on eye movement target choice and confidence judgements , 2014, Experimental Brain Research.

[35]  Christopher R Fetsch,et al.  The influence of evidence volatility on choice, reaction time and confidence in a perceptual decision , 2016, eLife.

[36]  Timothy D. Hanks,et al.  Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[37]  M. Shadlen,et al.  A role for neural integrators in perceptual decision making. , 2003, Cerebral cortex.

[38]  Testing models of decision making using confidence ratings in classification. , 1996 .

[39]  Rubén Moreno-Bote,et al.  Decision Confidence and Uncertainty in Diffusion Models with Partially Correlated Neuronal Integrators , 2010, Neural Computation.

[40]  Timothy D. Hanks,et al.  Bounded Integration in Parietal Cortex Underlies Decisions Even When Viewing Duration Is Dictated by the Environment , 2008, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[41]  Jeffrey N. Rouder,et al.  A diffusion model account of masking in two-choice letter identification. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[42]  John-Dylan Haynes,et al.  The Relationship between Perceptual Decision Variables and Confidence in the Human Brain. , 2016, Cerebral cortex.

[43]  William M Petrusic,et al.  Judging confidence influences decision processing in comparative judgments , 2003, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[44]  Michael N. Shadlen,et al.  Effects of Cortical Microstimulation on Confidence in a Perceptual Decision , 2014, Neuron.

[45]  D. Wolpert,et al.  A common mechanism underlies changes of mind about decisions and confidence , 2015, eLife.

[46]  C. Frith,et al.  What failure in collective decision-making tells us about metacognition , 2012, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[47]  Jürgen Kayser,et al.  Principal components analysis of Laplacian waveforms as a generic method for identifying ERP generator patterns: I. Evaluation with auditory oddball tasks , 2006, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[48]  Stephen M. Fleming,et al.  Relating Pupil Dilation and Metacognitive Confidence during Auditory Decision-Making , 2015, PloS one.

[49]  S. Kelly,et al.  A supramodal accumulation-to-bound signal that determines perceptual decisions in humans , 2012, Nature Neuroscience.

[50]  Manuel Perea,et al.  A diffusion model account of normal and impaired readers , 2004, Brain and Cognition.

[51]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Neural correlates of a decision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque , 1999, Nature Neuroscience.

[52]  Marios G. Philiastides,et al.  Neural representations of confidence emerge from the process of decision formation during perceptual choices , 2015, NeuroImage.

[53]  J. Gold,et al.  The neural basis of decision making. , 2007, Annual review of neuroscience.

[54]  S. Kelly,et al.  Internal and External Influences on the Rate of Sensory Evidence Accumulation in the Human Brain , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[55]  P. Sajda,et al.  Human Scalp Potentials Reflect a Mixture of Decision-Related Signals during Perceptual Choices , 2014, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[56]  Anne E. Urai,et al.  An Action-Independent Signature of Perceptual Choice in the Human Brain , 2014, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[57]  Hauke R. Heekeren,et al.  A task-independent neural representation of subjective certainty in visual perception , 2015, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[58]  B. Postle,et al.  Prestimulus alpha-band power biases visual discrimination confidence, but not accuracy , 2016, Consciousness and Cognition.

[59]  M. Shadlen,et al.  Response of Neurons in the Lateral Intraparietal Area during a Combined Visual Discrimination Reaction Time Task , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[60]  Nasour Bagheri,et al.  Hard-wired feed-forward visual mechanisms of the brain compensate for affine variations in object recognition , 2017, Neuroscience.

[61]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Decision making and the P300 component of the cortical evoked response , 1974 .

[62]  Daniel P. Newman,et al.  Antagonistic Interactions Between Microsaccades and Evidence Accumulation Processes During Decision Formation , 2018, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[63]  S. Kelly,et al.  The neural processes underlying perceptual decision making in humans: Recent progress and future directions , 2015, Journal of Physiology-Paris.

[64]  Juan E. Kamienkowski,et al.  Dynamics of visibility, confidence, and choice during eye movements. , 2014, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[65]  P. Brown,et al.  Post-Movement Beta Activity in Sensorimotor Cortex Indexes Confidence in the Estimations from Internal Models , 2016, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[66]  J. Gold,et al.  Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands , 2000, Nature.

[67]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  The physics of optimal decision making: a formal analysis of models of performance in two-alternative forced-choice tasks. , 2006, Psychological review.

[68]  M. Shadlen,et al.  The effect of stimulus strength on the speed and accuracy of a perceptual decision. , 2005, Journal of vision.

[69]  Pamela Reinagel.  Speed and Accuracy of Visual Motion Discrimination by Rats , 2012, PloS one.

[70]  Nasour Bagheri,et al.  Average activity, but not variability, is the dominant factor in the representation of object categories in the brain , 2017, Neuroscience.

[71]  Corey White,et al.  Please Scroll down for Article Cognition & Emotion Dysphoria and Memory for Emotional Material: a Diffusion-model Analysis Dysphoria and Memory for Emotional Material: a Diffusion-model Analysis , 2022 .

[72]  Christopher Summerfield,et al.  Metacognition in human decision-making: confidence and error monitoring , 2012, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[73]  Mark E. J. Newman,et al.  Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data , 2007, SIAM Rev..

[74]  Alexandre Pouget,et al.  Relation between Belief and Performance in Perceptual Decision Making , 2014, PloS one.

[75]  Daniel M. Wolpert,et al.  Confidence Is the Bridge between Multi-stage Decisions , 2016, Current Biology.

[76]  Barbara F. Händel,et al.  Cortical representations of confidence in a visual perceptual decision , 2014, Nature Communications.