Learning Through Exploration: How Children, Adults, and Older Adults Interact with a New Feature-Rich Application

Feature-rich applications such as word processors and spreadsheets are not only being used by adults but increasingly by children and older adults as well. Learning these applications is challenging as they offer hundreds of commands throughout the interface. We investigate how newcomers from different age groups explore the user interface of a feature-rich application to determine, locate, and use relevant features. We conducted an in-lab observational study with 10 children (10-12), 10 adults (20-35) and 10 older adults (60-75) who were first-time users of Microsoft OneNote. Our results illustrate key exploration differences across age groups, including that children were careful and performed as efficiently as the adults, whereas older adults spent a longer time and repeated sequences of failed selections. Further, their exploration style was negatively influenced by their past knowledge of similar applications. We discuss design interventions to accommodate these exploration differences and to improve software onboarding for newcomers.

[1]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  A survey of software learnability: metrics, methodologies and guidelines , 2009, CHI.

[2]  Yin Leng Theng,et al.  Let's play together: Effects of video-game play on intergenerational perceptions among youth and elderly participants , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[3]  M. Skubic,et al.  Findings from a participatory evaluation of a smart home application for older adults. , 2008, Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine.

[4]  Anne Aula,et al.  User study on older adults’ use of the Web and search engines , 2005, Universal Access in the Information Society.

[5]  Gale Moore,et al.  Are We All In the Same "Bloat"? , 2000, Graphics Interface.

[6]  Arthur D. Fisk,et al.  Understanding age and technology experience differences in use of prior knowledge for everyday technology interactions , 2012, TACC.

[7]  Yvonne Barnard,et al.  Learning to use new technologies by older adults: Perceived difficulties, experimentation behaviour and usability , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[8]  Mary Zajicek,et al.  Interface design for older adults , 2001, WUAUC'01.

[9]  Jan Gulliksen,et al.  User-centered System Design , 2011 .

[10]  Anne Marie Piper,et al.  Understanding digital and material social communications for older adults , 2014, CHI.

[11]  Suleman Shahid,et al.  Designing social games for children and older adults: Two related case studies , 2010, Entertain. Comput..

[12]  Susan L. Gatto,et al.  Computer, Internet, and E-mail Use Among Older Adults: Benefits and Barriers , 2008 .

[13]  Milena M. Head,et al.  Computer use by older adults: A multi-disciplinary review , 2010, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[14]  John M. Carroll,et al.  Training wheels in a user interface , 1984, CACM.

[15]  Brigitte Meillon,et al.  Design and evaluation of a smart home voice interface for the elderly: acceptability and objection aspects , 2011, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.

[16]  Brad A. Myers,et al.  Supporting Selective Undo in a Code Editor , 2015, 2015 IEEE/ACM 37th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering.

[17]  Colin Potts,et al.  Studying the evolution and enhancement of software features , 2000, Proceedings 2000 International Conference on Software Maintenance.

[18]  Dalbir Singh,et al.  A Review on User Interface Design Principles to Increase Software Usability for Users with Less Computer Literacy , 2013, J. Comput. Sci..

[19]  Wai-Tat Fu,et al.  Age differences in exploratory learning from a health information website , 2012, CHI.

[20]  Pamela J. Wisniewski,et al.  A Framework of Touchscreen Interaction Design Recommendations for Children (TIDRC): Characterizing the Gap between Research Evidence and Design Practice , 2019, IDC.

[21]  Peter Graf,et al.  How Older Adults Learn to Use Mobile Devices: Survey and Field Investigations , 2012, TACC.

[22]  Andrea Bunt,et al.  Task-centric interfaces for feature-rich software , 2014, OZCHI.

[23]  David G. Novick,et al.  The micro-structure of use of help , 2009, SIGDOC.

[24]  Andrea Bunt,et al.  Beyond "One-Size-Fits-All": Understanding the Diversity in How Software Newcomers Discover and Make Use of Help Resources , 2019, CHI.

[25]  Leah Kaufman,et al.  Too much of a good thing?: identifying and resolving bloat in the user interface , 1998, SGCH.

[26]  A. D. Fisk,et al.  Training older adults to use new technology. , 2007, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[27]  Colin Birge,et al.  Freedom to Personalize My Digital Classroom: Understanding Teachers' Practices and Motivations , 2019, CHI.

[28]  Brad A. Myers,et al.  Selective Undo Support for Painting Applications , 2015, CHI.

[29]  Ben Shneiderman,et al.  Designing The User Interface , 2013 .

[30]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  Investigating How Online Help and Learning Resources Support Children's Use of 3D Design Software , 2018, CHI.

[31]  Bester Chimbo,et al.  A comparative analysis of the meaning of 'learnability' for child and adult users , 2011 .

[32]  Carl Gutwin,et al.  Promoting Hotkey use through rehearsal with ExposeHK , 2013, CHI.

[33]  Arthur D. Fisk,et al.  Training Older Adults to Use Automatic Teller Machines , 1996, Hum. Factors.

[34]  Deborah Compeau,et al.  Computer Self-Efficacy: Development of a Measure and Initial Test , 1995, MIS Q..

[35]  A. J. van der Beek,et al.  Why older workers work beyond the retirement age: a qualitative study , 2017, BMC Public Health.

[36]  Thomas Nind,et al.  Assisting older adults in assessing the reliability of health-related websites , 2014, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[37]  Maxim Bakaev Fitts' law for older adults: considering a factor of age , 2008, IHC.

[38]  Marcus Wan,et al.  The dynamics of younger and older adult's paired behavior when playing an interactive silhouette game , 2013, CHI.

[39]  Bran Knowles,et al.  The wisdom of older technology (non)users , 2018, Commun. ACM.

[40]  R. Pea User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction , 1987 .

[41]  Stephen J. Payne,et al.  Reflection and goal management in exploratory learning , 1995, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[42]  Sara Haber,et al.  Training Older Adults to Use Tablet Computers: Does It Enhance Cognitive Function? , 2014, The Gerontologist.

[43]  Saila Ovaska,et al.  Initial observations on children and online instructions , 2006, IDC '06.

[44]  Mary Beth Rosson,et al.  Paradox of the active user , 1987 .

[45]  Wonchan Choi,et al.  What makes online health information credible for older adults?: an exploratory study , 2013, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[46]  John Rieman,et al.  A field study of exploratory learning strategies , 1996, TCHI.

[47]  T. N. White,et al.  Learning user interfaces by exploration , 1996 .

[48]  Arthur D. Fisk,et al.  Designing for Older Adults: Principles and Creative Human Factors Approaches , 2004 .

[49]  Holger Winnemöller,et al.  DiscoverySpace: Suggesting Actions in Complex Software , 2016, Conference on Designing Interactive Systems.

[50]  Jeffrey Johnson,et al.  Designing with the Mind in Mind: Simple Guide to Understanding User Interface Design Rules , 2010 .

[51]  K. O'malley,et al.  Teaching in a Digital Age: How Educators Use Technology to Improve Student Learning , 2016 .

[52]  Simeon Keates,et al.  Effect of age and Parkinson's disease on cursor positioning using a mouse , 2005, Assets '05.

[53]  Eugène Loos,et al.  Benefits and factors influencing the design of intergenerational digital games : A Systematic Literature Review , 2017 .

[54]  Bran Knowles,et al.  Older Adults’ Deployment of ‘Distrust’ , 2018, ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact..

[55]  Tovi Grossman,et al.  Patina: dynamic heatmaps for visualizing application usage , 2013, CHI.

[56]  Leslie J. Couse,et al.  A Tablet Computer for Young Children? Exploring its Viability for Early Childhood Education , 2010 .

[57]  John L. Arnott,et al.  What's on your mind?: investigating recommendations for inclusive social networking and older adults , 2014, CHI.

[58]  Virginia Braun,et al.  Thematic analysis , 2017 .