International experts consensus guidelines on robotic liver resection in 2023

The robotic liver resection (RLR) has been increasingly applied in recent years and its benefits shown in some aspects owing to the technical advancement of robotic surgical system, however, controversies still exist. Based on the foundation of the previous consensus statement, this new consensus document aimed to update clinical recommendations and provide guidance to improve the outcomes of RLR clinical practice. The guideline steering group and guideline expert group were formed by 29 international experts of liver surgery and evidence-based medicine (EBM). Relevant literature was reviewed and analyzed by the evidence evaluation group. According to the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development, the Guidance Principles of Development and Amendment of the Guidelines for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment in China 2022, a total of 14 recommendations were generated. Among them were 8 recommendations formulated by the GRADE method, and the remaining 6 recommendations were formulated based on literature review and experts’ opinion due to insufficient EBM results. This international experts consensus guideline offered guidance for the safe and effective clinical practice and the research direction of RLR in future.

[1]  R. Finn,et al.  Combination immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2023, Journal of hepatology.

[2]  Ross W. Filice,et al.  Robotic Central Hepatectomy and Right Anterior Sectionectomy: Minimally Invasive Parenchyma Sparing Surgery for Central Liver Tumors , 2023, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[3]  C. Chan,et al.  Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Left and Extended Left Hepatectomy: An International Multicenter Study Propensity Score-Matched Analysis , 2022, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[4]  S. Sudhindran,et al.  Open to robotic right donor hepatectomy: A tectonic shift in surgical technique , 2022, Clinical transplantation.

[5]  Kuo-Hsin Chen,et al.  Systematic review and meta‐analysis of difficulty scoring systems for laparoscopic and robotic liver resections , 2022, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences.

[6]  K. Hoffmann,et al.  Innovation for the Sake of Innovation? How Does Robotic Hepatectomy Compare to Laparoscopic or Open Resection for HCC—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2022, Cancers.

[7]  N. Rahbari,et al.  Minimally invasive mesohepatectomy for centrally located liver lesions—a case series , 2022, Surgical Endoscopy.

[8]  A. Ejaz,et al.  Short- and long-term outcomes following robotic and open resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A national cohort study. , 2022, Surgical oncology.

[9]  Shuiping Yu,et al.  Application of da Vinci robot and laparoscopy on repeat hepatocellular carcinoma , 2022, Journal of minimal access surgery.

[10]  Minggen Hu,et al.  Short- and long-term outcomes after robotic and open liver resection for elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score-matched study , 2022, Surgical Endoscopy.

[11]  S. Ross,et al.  Analysis of Oncological Outcomes After Robotic Liver Resection for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma , 2022, The American surgeon.

[12]  T. Siepmann,et al.  Robotic Living Donor Right Hepatectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis , 2022, Journal of clinical medicine.

[13]  C. Chan,et al.  A systematic review and network meta-analysis of outcomes after open, mini-laparotomy, hybrid, totally laparoscopic, and robotic living donor right hepatectomy. , 2022, Surgery.

[14]  O. V. Sudheer,et al.  Extended criteria donors for robotic right hepatectomy: A propensity score matched analysis , 2022, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences.

[15]  N. Syn,et al.  An international multicenter propensity‐score matched and coarsened‐exact matched analysis comparing robotic versus laparoscopic partial liver resections of the anterolateral segments , 2022, Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences.

[16]  S. Choi,et al.  Robotic Central Bisectionectomy for Centrally Located Hepatic Malignant Tumor , 2022, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[17]  C. Verslype,et al.  Transition from laparoscopic to robotic liver surgery: clinical outcomes, learning curve effect, and cost-effectiveness , 2022, Journal of Robotic Surgery.

[18]  Ho‐Seong Han,et al.  Propensity Score-Matched Analysis Comparing Robotic and Laparoscopic Right and Extended Right Hepatectomy. , 2022, JAMA surgery.

[19]  A. Gumbs,et al.  Study: International Multicentric Minimally Invasive Liver Resection for Colorectal Liver Metastases (SIMMILR-CRLM) , 2022, Cancers.

[20]  S. Ross,et al.  Analysis of surgical approach and tumor distance to margin after liver resection for colorectal liver metastasis , 2022, Journal of Robotic Surgery.

[21]  S. Ross,et al.  Cost analysis of robotic versus open hepatectomy: Is the robotic platform more expensive? , 2022, Journal of Robotic Surgery.

[22]  F. Giuliante,et al.  Minimally invasive treatment of colorectal liver metastases: does robotic surgery provide any technical advantages over laparoscopy? A multicenter analysis from the IGoMILS (Italian Group of Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery) registry , 2022, Updates in Surgery.

[23]  W. Lau,et al.  A Prospective Study Using Propensity Score Matching to Compare Long-term Survival Outcomes After Robotic-assisted, Laparoscopic, or Open Liver Resection for Patients With BCLC Stage 0-A Hepatocellular Carcinoma , 2022, Annals of surgery.

[24]  A. Rosemurgy,et al.  Propensity score matched comparison of robotic and open major hepatectomy for malignant liver tumors , 2022, Surgical Endoscopy.

[25]  S. Ross,et al.  A Single Institution’s Experience With Robotic Minor and Major Hepatectomy , 2021, The American surgeon.

[26]  N. Syn,et al.  International multicentre propensity score-matched analysis comparing robotic versus laparoscopic right posterior sectionectomy. , 2021, The British journal of surgery.

[27]  Rong Liu,et al.  Comparison of robotic and laparoscopic liver resection in ordinary cases of left lateral sectionectomy , 2021, Surgical Endoscopy.

[28]  Linh M Duong,et al.  Outcomes of robotic‐assisted liver surgery versus laparoscopic liver surgery for treatment of stage I hepatocellular carcinoma , 2021, Cancer.

[29]  S. Sudhindran,et al.  Robotic Donor Hepatectomy-Safety in Novelty Is the Essence. , 2021, JAMA Surgery.

[30]  L. Crocetti,et al.  Implementing a robotic liver resection program does not always require prior laparoscopic experience , 2021, Surgical Endoscopy.

[31]  G. Ceccarelli,et al.  Robotic surgery for colorectal liver metastases resection: A systematic review , 2021, The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS.

[32]  Xiao‐Yu Yin,et al.  Comparison between robotic-assisted and laparoscopic left hemi-hepatectomy. , 2021, Asian journal of surgery.

[33]  H. Aziz,et al.  Hospitalization Costs and Outcomes of Open, Laparoscopic, and Robotic Liver Resections , 2021, The American surgeon.

[34]  J. Gaughan,et al.  Cost-Benefit Analysis of Robotic vs. Laparoscopic Hepatectomy: A Propensity-Matched Retrospective Cohort Study of American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database , 2021, The American surgeon.

[35]  A. Gumbs,et al.  Robotic and laparoscopic liver resection—comparative experiences at a high-volume German academic center , 2021, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.

[36]  N. Syn,et al.  Learning curves in minimally invasive hepatectomy: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. , 2021, The British journal of surgery.

[37]  S. Alexopoulos,et al.  Economic analysis of open versus laparoscopic versus robotic hepatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2021, The European Journal of Health Economics.

[38]  C. Chan,et al.  Minimally invasive versus open right anterior sectionectomy and central hepatectomy for central liver malignancies: a propensity‐score‐matched analysis , 2021, ANZ journal of surgery.

[39]  J. Choi,et al.  Robotic major liver resections: Surgical outcomes compared with open major liver resections , 2021, Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery.

[40]  Rong Liu,et al.  First two-stage robotic ALPPS in HCC patients with hepatic vein invasion: a step-by-step procedure from a clinical case , 2021, World Journal of Surgical Oncology.

[41]  N. Nikiteas,et al.  Simultaneous robotic-assisted resection of colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases: a systematic review , 2021, Journal of Robotic Surgery.

[42]  P. Bechi,et al.  Robotic Versus Open Liver Resection in Hepatocarcinoma: Surgical and Oncological Outcomes , 2021, Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques.

[43]  Yingnan Hu,et al.  Robotic versus laparoscopic hepatectomy for malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2021, Asian journal of surgery.

[44]  R. Croner,et al.  Robotic and laparoscopic liver surgery for colorectal liver metastases: an experience from a German Academic Center , 2020, World Journal of Surgical Oncology.

[45]  A. Camerlo,et al.  Robotic central hepatectomy for hepatocarcinoma by glissonean approach (with video). , 2020, Surgical oncology.

[46]  J. Wong,et al.  Robotic versus open hemihepatectomy: a propensity score-matched study , 2020, Surgical Endoscopy.

[47]  T. Fishbein,et al.  Robotic Hepatectomy Is a Safe and Cost-Effective Alternative to Conventional Open Hepatectomy: a Single-Center Preliminary Experience , 2020, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[48]  Y. Fong,et al.  Robotic minor hepatectomy: optimizing outcomes and cost of care. , 2020, HPB : the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association.

[49]  Rong Liu,et al.  Revisiting human liver anatomy: dynamic watershed theory. , 2020, Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition.

[50]  A. Valverde,et al.  Transitioning From Open to Robotic Liver Resection. Results of 46 Consecutive Procedures Including a Majority of Major Hepatectomies , 2020, Surgical innovation.

[51]  M. Masetti,et al.  Fully Robotic ALPPS and Simultaneous Left Colectomy for Synchronous Colorectal Liver Metastases. , 2020, Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A.

[52]  Rong Liu,et al.  Robotic anatomic isolated complete caudate lobectomy: Left-side approach and techniques. , 2020, Asian journal of surgery.

[53]  W. Lau,et al.  Comparison of the Learning Curves for Robotic Left and Right Hemihepatectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study. , 2020, International journal of surgery.

[54]  C. Frigieri,et al.  Laparoscopic Liver Surgery: What Are the Advantages in Patients with Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Personal Experience. , 2020, Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A.

[55]  A. Rosemurgy,et al.  Robotic Major Hepatectomy: An Institutional Experience and Clinical Outcomes , 2020, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[56]  Jae Geun Lee,et al.  Outcomes of Robotic Living Donor Right Hepatectomy From 52 Consecutive Cases , 2020, Annals of surgery.

[57]  F. di Benedetto,et al.  First Case of Full Robotic ALPPS for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma , 2020, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[58]  U. Boggi,et al.  Outcomes after 3D laparoscopic and robotic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter comparative study , 2020, Surgical Endoscopy.

[59]  R. Troisi,et al.  Robotic Versus Open Right Lobe Donor Hepatectomy for Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Propensity Score–Matched Analysis , 2020, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[60]  Rong Liu,et al.  Robotic isolated partial and complete hepatic caudate lobectomy: A single institution experience. , 2020, Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT.

[61]  T. Stukel,et al.  Clinical Outcomes of Robotic Surgery Compared to Conventional Surgical Approaches (Laparoscopic or Open) , 2020, Annals of surgery.

[62]  Kawka Michal,et al.  A better route to ALPPS: minimally invasive vs open ALPPS , 2020, Surgical Endoscopy.

[63]  F. di Benedetto,et al.  Full robotic ALPPS for HCC with intrahepatic portal vein thrombosis , 2020, The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS.

[64]  M. Ho,et al.  Minimally invasive surgery versus radiofrequency ablation for single subcapsular hepatocellular carcinoma ≤ 2 cm with compensated liver cirrhosis , 2020, Surgical Endoscopy.

[65]  A. Mejía,et al.  Minimally invasive liver resection in the era of robotics: analysis of 214 cases , 2020, Surgical endoscopy.

[66]  Zun-yi Zhang,et al.  Histologic severity of liver cirrhosis: A key factor affecting surgical outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with portal hypertension. , 2019, Asian journal of surgery.

[67]  A. Chan,et al.  Current status of associating liver partition with portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy: Comparison with two-stage hepatectomy and strategies for better outcomes , 2019, World journal of gastroenterology.

[68]  J. Martinie,et al.  Long-Term and Oncologic Outcomes of Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Multicenter, Propensity Score Matching Analysis , 2019, World Journal of Surgery.

[69]  M. Machado,et al.  Robotic ALPPS , 2019, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[70]  H. Lang.  ALPPS - Beneficial or detrimental? , 2019, Surgical oncology.

[71]  R. Finn,et al.  Systemic Therapy for Primary Liver Tumors: Cholangiocarcinoma and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. , 2019, Surgical oncology clinics of North America.

[72]  S. Choi,et al.  Laparoscopic Central Bisectionectomy and Right Anterior Sectionectomy Using Two Retraction Methods: Technical Aspects with Video , 2019, World Journal of Surgery.

[73]  Natalie S Blencowe,et al.  RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials , 2019, BMJ.

[74]  Rong Liu,et al.  Robotic, laparoscopic or open hemihepatectomy for giant liver haemangiomas over 10 cm in diameter , 2019, BMC Surgery.

[75]  W. Lau,et al.  Robotic vs laparoscopic hemihepatectomy: A comparative study from a single center , 2019, Journal of surgical oncology.

[76]  T. Pawlik,et al.  Minimally Invasive Approach in the Setting of ALPPS Procedure: a Systematic Review of the Literature , 2019, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[77]  Chiun-Sheng Huang,et al.  Is robotic hepatectomy cost-effective? In view of patient-reported outcomes. , 2019, Asian journal of surgery.

[78]  U. Boggi,et al.  International consensus statement on robotic hepatectomy surgery in 2018 , 2019, World journal of gastroenterology.

[79]  Rong Liu,et al.  Prognosis control surgery: From theory to practice , 2019, Chinese Science Bulletin.

[80]  D. Iannitti,et al.  Robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic major liver resection: analysis of outcomes from a single center. , 2019, HPB : the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association.

[81]  A. Rosemurgy,et al.  Single-Institution Early Experience and Learning Curve with Robotic Liver Resections , 2019, The American surgeon.

[82]  J. Parreco,et al.  Nationwide outcomes and costs of laparoscopic and robotic vs. open hepatectomy , 2018, Journal of Robotic Surgery.

[83]  Bixiang Zhang,et al.  Learning Curve in Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Liver Resection , 2018, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[84]  P. Bie,et al.  Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for complex hepatolithiasis: a propensity score matching analysis , 2018, Surgical Endoscopy.

[85]  I. B. Borel Rinkes,et al.  Robotic Versus Open Minor Liver Resections of the Posterosuperior Segments: A Multinational, Propensity Score-Matched Study , 2018, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[86]  Zhanguo Zhang,et al.  Intraoperative ultrasonography of robot-assisted laparoscopic hepatectomy: initial experiences from 110 consecutive cases , 2018, Surgical Endoscopy.

[87]  B. Edwin,et al.  Development and validation of a difficulty score to predict intraoperative complications during laparoscopic liver resection , 2018, The British journal of surgery.

[88]  P. Schirmacher,et al.  EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2018, Journal of hepatology.

[89]  A. Naragund,et al.  First Ever Robotic Stage One ALPPS Procedure in India: for Colorectal Liver Metastases , 2018, Indian Journal of Surgery.

[90]  C. Chan,et al.  Critical appraisal of the impact of individual surgeon experience on the outcomes of laparoscopic liver resection in the modern era: collective experience of multiple surgeons at a single institution with 324 consecutive cases , 2018, Surgical Endoscopy.

[91]  M. Marino,et al.  Comparative Study of the Initial Experience in Performing Robotic and Laparoscopic Right Hepatectomy with Technical Description of the Robotic Technique , 2018, Digestive Surgery.

[92]  K. Kuo,et al.  Oncological and surgical result of hepatoma after robot surgery , 2018, Surgical Endoscopy.

[93]  K. Koh,et al.  Short-Term Outcomes of Totally Laparoscopic Central Hepatectomy and Right Anterior Sectionectomy for Centrally Located Tumors: A Case-Matched Study with Propensity Score Matching , 2017, World Journal of Surgery.

[94]  Q. Ye,et al.  143ORobot-assisted procedure versus open surgery for simultaneous resection of colorectal cancer with liver metastases: Short-term outcomes of a randomized controlled study , 2017 .

[95]  G. Wakabayashi,et al.  The Southampton Consensus Guidelines for Laparoscopic Liver Surgery: From Indication to Implementation , 2017, Annals of surgery.

[96]  Su Yang,et al.  Robotic Minor hepatectomy offers a Favorable Learning Curve and May Result in Superior Perioperative Outcomes Compared with Laparoscopic Approach , 2017, The American surgeon.

[97]  P. Tugwell,et al.  AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both , 2017, British Medical Journal.

[98]  E. Akl,et al.  Living systematic review: 1. Introduction-the why, what, when, and how. , 2017, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[99]  L. Rubbia‐Brandt,et al.  Robotic versus open liver resections: A case‐matched comparison , 2017, The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS.

[100]  A. Tsung,et al.  Minimally Invasive Approaches for Surgical Management of Primary Liver Cancers , 2017, Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer Center.

[101]  I. Khatkov,et al.  Comparative analysis of learning curve in complex robot-assisted and laparoscopic liver resection. , 2017, HPB : the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association.

[102]  A. Coratti,et al.  Laparoscopic versus robotic surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma: the first 46 consecutive cases. , 2017, The Journal of surgical research.

[103]  J. Choi,et al.  Robotic hepatectomy: the Korean experience and perspective. , 2017, Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition.

[104]  G. Wakabayashi,et al.  A novel model for prediction of pure laparoscopic liver resection surgical difficulty , 2017, Surgical Endoscopy.

[105]  E. Benedetti,et al.  Financial Impact of the Robotic Approach in Liver Surgery: A Comparative Study of Clinical Outcomes and Costs Between the Robotic and Open Technique in a Single Institution , 2017, Journal of laparoendoscopic & advanced surgical techniques. Part A.

[106]  Po-Huang Lee,et al.  Robotic Versus Open Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Matched Comparison , 2017, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[107]  Chiung-Nien Chen,et al.  Robotic major hepatectomy: Is there a learning curve? , 2017, Surgery.

[108]  D. Azoulay,et al.  Robotic-Assisted Versus Laparoscopic Left Lateral Sectionectomy: Analysis of Surgical Outcomes and Costs by a Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study , 2017, World Journal of Surgery.

[109]  B. Ielpo,et al.  First ALPPS procedure using a total robotic approach. , 2016, Surgical oncology.

[110]  Ming-Tsan Lin,et al.  Robotic liver donor right hepatectomy: A pure, minimally invasive approach , 2016, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[111]  W. Hohenberger,et al.  Robotic liver surgery for minor hepatic resections: a comparison with laparoscopic and open standard procedures , 2016, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.

[112]  R. Yeung,et al.  Efficacy and cost of robotic hepatectomy: is the robot cost-prohibitive? , 2016, Journal of Robotic Surgery.

[113]  P. Lai,et al.  Robotic Liver Resection For Primary Hepatolithiasis: Is It Beneficial? , 2016, World Journal of Surgery.

[114]  C. Tang,et al.  Long-term Survival Analysis of Robotic Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comparative Study , 2016, Surgical laparoscopy, endoscopy & percutaneous techniques.

[115]  G. Wakabayashi.  What has changed after the Morioka consensus conference 2014 on laparoscopic liver resection? , 2016, Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition.

[116]  J. Wong,et al.  Laparoscopic and robotic hepatectomy: experience from a single centre , 2016, ANZ journal of surgery.

[117]  M. Vivarelli,et al.  Robotic versus laparoscopic resections of posterosuperior segments of the liver: a propensity score-matched comparison , 2016, Surgical Endoscopy.

[118]  Jae Keun Kim,et al.  Robotic versus laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy of liver , 2016, Surgical Endoscopy.

[119]  C. Chan,et al.  Robotic hepatectomy: initial experience of a single institution in Singapore. , 2016, Singapore medical journal.

[120]  Y. Fong,et al.  Robot-assisted laparoscopic liver resection: a systematic review and pooled analysis of minor and major hepatectomies. , 2016, HPB : the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association.

[121]  E. Abdalla,et al.  Prediction of Mortality After ALPPS Stage-1: An Analysis of 320 Patients From the International ALPPS Registry. , 2015, Annals of surgery.

[122]  A. Soin,et al.  Robotic Left Hepatectomy: a Case Report (First Reported Case of Robotic Hepatectomy in India) , 2015, Indian Journal of Surgery.

[123]  L. Capussotti,et al.  Ultrasound-guided laparoscopic liver resections , 2015, Surgical Endoscopy.

[124]  Sung‐Gyu Lee,et al.  Robotic versus laparoscopic liver resection: a comparative study from a single center , 2014, Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.

[125]  D. Raptis,et al.  Early Survival and Safety of ALPPS: First Report of the International ALPPS Registry , 2014, Annals of surgery.

[126]  I. Dagher,et al.  Traditional versus Robot-Assisted Full Laparoscopic Liver Resection: A Matched-Pair Comparative Study , 2014, World Journal of Surgery.

[127]  L. Casciola,et al.  Robot-Assisted Versus Open Liver Resection in the Right Posterior Section , 2014, JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons.

[128]  U. Boggi,et al.  Perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic and robot-assisted major hepatectomies: an Italian multi-institutional comparative study , 2014, Surgical Endoscopy.

[129]  Po-Huang Lee,et al.  Robotic-assisted minimally invasive liver resection. , 2014, Asian journal of surgery.

[130]  D. Bartlett,et al.  Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Hepatectomy: A Matched Comparison , 2014, Annals of surgery.

[131]  E. C. Lai,et al.  Robot-assisted laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: short-term outcome. , 2013, American Journal of Surgery.

[132]  D. Bartlett,et al.  Minimally Invasive Liver Resection: Robotic Versus Laparoscopic Left Lateral Sectionectomy , 2012, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[133]  Alberto Bartoli,et al.  Robot-assisted parenchymal-sparing liver surgery including lesions located in the posterosuperior segments , 2011, Surgical Endoscopy.

[134]  Wen-bin Ji,et al.  Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Anatomic Hepatectomy in China: Initial Experience , 2011, Annals of surgery.

[135]  Michelle E. Kho,et al.  AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care , 2010, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[136]  A. Stang.  Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses , 2010, European Journal of Epidemiology.

[137]  Brice Gayet,et al.  The International Position on Laparoscopic Liver Surgery: The Louisville Statement, 2008 , 2009, Annals of surgery.

[138]  G. Guyatt,et al.  GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[139]  J. Mouiel,et al.  Laser resection of a liver hydatid cyst under videolaparoscopy , 1992, The British journal of surgery.

[140]  H. Reich,et al.  LAPAROSCOPIC EXCISION OF BENIGN LIVER LESIONS , 1991, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[141]  J. Emond,et al.  Utility of operative ultrasound in the surgical management of liver tumors. , 1986, Annals of surgery.

[142]  G. Práctica,et al.  European Association for the Study of the Liver , 1971 .

[143]  OUP accepted manuscript , 2021, British Journal of Surgery.

[144]  B. Gayet,et al.  Difficulty of Laparoscopic Liver Resection: Proposal for a New Classification , 2018, Annals of surgery.