Improved irradiances for use in ocean heating, primary production, and photo-oxidation calculations.

Accurate calculation of underwater light is fundamental to predictions of upper-ocean heating, primary production, and photo-oxidation. However, most ocean models simulating these processes do not yet incorporate radiative transfer modules for their light calculations. Such models are often driven by above-surface, broadband, daily averaged irradiance or photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) values obtained from climatology or satellite observations, sometimes without correction for sea-surface reflectance, even though surface reflectance can reduce in-water values by more than 20%. We present factors computed by a radiative transfer code that can be used to convert above-surface values in either energy or quantum units to in-water net irradiance, as needed for calculations of water heating, and to in-water PAR, as needed for calculations of photosynthesis and photo-oxidation.

[1]  R. Bidigare,et al.  Light driven seasonal patterns of chlorophyll and nitrate in the lower euphotic zone of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre , 2004 .

[2]  W. Munk,et al.  Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun’s Glitter , 1954 .

[3]  Robert Frouin,et al.  Atmospheric response to solar radiation absorbed by phytoplankton , 2003 .

[4]  K. Mopper,et al.  The effects of UV radiation in the marine environment: Marine photochemistry and its impact on carbon cycling , 2000 .

[5]  Antonio J. Busalacchi,et al.  Effects of Penetrative Radiation on the Upper Tropical Ocean Circulation , 2002 .

[6]  Paula G Coble,et al.  Marine optical biogeochemistry: the chemistry of ocean color. , 2007, Chemical reviews.

[7]  C. Cox.  Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter , 1954 .

[8]  Alan J. Wallcraft,et al.  A New Solar Radiation Penetration Scheme for Use in Ocean Mixed Layer Studies: An Application to the Black Sea Using a Fine-Resolution Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) , 2005 .

[9]  C. Mobley.  Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters , 1994 .

[10]  Michael Botzet,et al.  Effects of Ocean Biology on the Penetrative Radiation in a Coupled Climate Model , 2006 .

[11]  E. Schneider,et al.  Sensitivity of the Simulated Annual Cycle of Sea Surface Temperature in the Equatorial Pacific to Sunlight Penetration , 1998 .

[12]  Curtis D. Mobley,et al.  Fast and accurate irradiance calculations for ecosystem models , 2009 .

[13]  W. Gregg.  Tracking the SeaWiFS record with a coupled physical/biogeochemical/radiative model of the global oceans , 2001 .

[14]  Masahiko Fujii,et al.  The Value of Adding Optics to Ecosystem Models: A Case Study , 2007 .

[15]  J. Gattuso,et al.  Light availability in the coastal ocean: Impact on the distribution of benthic photosynthetic organisms and their contribution to primary production , 2006 .

[16]  Curtis D. Mobley,et al.  Fast light calculations for ocean ecosystem and inverse models. , 2011, Optics express.

[17]  Robert Frouin,et al.  Chlorophyll modulation of sea surface temperature in the Arabian Sea in a mixed‐layer isopycnal general circulation model , 2000 .

[18]  Bryan A. Franz,et al.  Satellite-detected fluorescence reveals global physiology of ocean phytoplankton , 2008 .

[19]  C. Paulson,et al.  Irradiance Measurements in the Upper Ocean , 1977 .

[20]  Robert Frouin,et al.  Response of the equatorial Pacific to chlorophyll pigment in a mixed layer isopycnal ocean general circulation model , 2001 .

[21]  James C. McWilliams,et al.  Diurnal Coupling in the Tropical Oceans of CCSM3 , 2006 .

[22]  James J. Simpson,et al.  The Relationship between Downward Irradiance and Upper Ocean Structure , 1981 .

[23]  B. Franz,et al.  Algorithm Updates for the Fourth Seawifs Data Reprocessing , 2013 .

[24]  David A. Siegel,et al.  Ocean Radiant Heating. Part II: Parameterizing Solar Radiation Transmission through the Upper Ocean , 2000 .

[25]  K. Stamnes,et al.  Comparison of numerical models for computing underwater light fields. , 1993, Applied optics.

[26]  Robert A. Arnone,et al.  Importance of solar subsurface heating in ocean general circulation models , 2001 .

[27]  P. Gege.  Analytic model for the direct and diffuse components of downwelling spectral irradiance in water. , 2012, Applied optics.

[28]  Raghu Murtugudde,et al.  Quantification of the Feedback between Phytoplankton and ENSO in the Community Climate System Model , 2010 .

[29]  P. Falkowski,et al.  SOLAR ENERGY AND ITS BIOLOGICAL – PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS IN THE SEA , 2001 .

[30]  Colm Sweeney,et al.  Impacts of Shortwave Penetration Depth on Large-Scale Ocean Circulation and Heat Transport , 2005 .

[31]  C. A. Coombes,et al.  An opaque cloud cover model of sky short wavelength radiance , 1988 .

[32]  Gerhard Czeplak,et al.  Solar and terrestrial radiation dependent on the amount and type of cloud , 1980 .

[33]  A. Watson,et al.  Bio‐optical feedbacks among phytoplankton, upper ocean physics and sea‐ice in a global model , 2005 .

[34]  C. Mobley,et al.  Ocean Radiant Heating. Part I: Optical Influences , 2000 .

[35]  Andreas Oschlies,et al.  Feedbacks of biotically induced radiative heating on upper-ocean heat budget, circulation, and biological production in a coupled ecosystem-circulation model , 2004 .

[36]  W. Gregg,et al.  Skill assessment of a spectral ocean–atmosphere radiative model , 2009 .

[37]  K. Carder,et al.  A simple spectral solar irradiance model for cloudless maritime atmospheres , 1990 .

[38]  J. Ohlmann,et al.  Ocean Radiant Heating in Climate Models , 2003 .

[39]  Michele Scardi,et al.  A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color , 2006 .

[40]  C. A. Coombes,et al.  Angular distribution of clear sky short wavelength radiance , 1988 .