The Limits of Integrated Electronics

The following describes the most important limits that will restrict the development of micro- and nanoelectronic circuits [45]. The physical limits are of a fundamental nature and can not he overcome. This is true, with the reservation that the limits as seen today are not necessarily final ones because the research in physics continues. We can expect considerable progress in the field of quantum computing, which will move some limits far beyond current ones. Some of these physical limits that are presented for classical microelectronics are summarized below.