Isolation by Distance.
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important S line of attack on the evolutionary problem. While such differences can only rarely represent first steps toward speciation in the sense of the splitting of the species, they are important for the evolution of the species as a whole. They provide a possible basis for intergroup selection of genetic systems, a process that provides a more effective mechanism for adaptive advance of the species as a whole than does the mass selection which is all that can occur under panmixia. TUDY of statistical differences among local populations is
[1] Sewall Wright,et al. Breeding Structure of Populations in Relation to Speciation , 1940, The American Naturalist.