Assessment of Electric Vehicle Charging Costs in Presence of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation and Variable Electricity Tariffs

In this paper a general model for the estimation of the uncoordinated charging costs of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the presence of distributed and intermittent generation, and variable electricity tariffs is presented. The proposed method aims at estimating the monthly average cost of uncoordinated charging of a single EV depending on the hour at which the EV is plugged into the EV Supply Equipment (EVSE). The feasibility and relevance of the proposed model is verified by applying the considered cost estimation method to a suitable use case. A single EV charging service offered at a public building equipped with a Photovoltaic (PV) system has been considered as reference case. The proposed model has been applied to the PV production and loads consumption data collected during one year, and the results of the study compared with the Time-Of-Use (TOU) electricity tariff. The application of the proposed model identified noticeable deviations among the computed EV charging costs and the reference TOU profile, with differences up to 40%, depending on the considered month and on the time of charging during the day. It can be concluded that such model could be used to properly detect opportunities of energy savings, and to define dedicated EV price signals that could help to promote the optimal use of distributed energy resources.

[1]  Davide Della Giustina,et al.  Distributed monitoring system for voltage dip classification over distribution grid , 2016 .

[2]  Peter Bach Andersen,et al.  Electric vehicle smart charging using dynamic price signal , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC).

[3]  C. Flachsland Mitigation of Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2015 .

[4]  Pavol Bauer,et al.  Energy Management System With PV Power Forecast to Optimally Charge EVs at the Workplace , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[5]  Stefano Alessandrini,et al.  Impact of the electric vehicles on the air pollution from a highway , 2016 .

[6]  Paolo Ferrari,et al.  A Customer Feedback Platform for Vehicle Manufacturing Compliant with Industry 4.0 Vision , 2018, Sensors.

[7]  Jesús Fraile-Ardanuy,et al.  Using mobility information to perform a feasibility study and the evaluation of spatio-temporal energy demanded by an electric taxi fleet , 2018 .

[8]  Khizir Mahmud,et al.  Integration of electric vehicles and management in the internet of energy , 2018 .

[9]  Simone Zanoni,et al.  A queuing theory decision support model and discrete event simulations for the smart charging of electric vehicles , 2018 .

[10]  Pandian Vasant,et al.  Review of recent trends in optimization techniques for plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicle charging infrastructures , 2016 .

[11]  Azah Mohamed,et al.  A review of the stage-of-the-art charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of electric vehicles , 2016 .

[12]  J. P. S. Catalao,et al.  Impact of EV charging-at-work on an industrial client distribution transformer in a Portuguese Island , 2015, 2015 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC).

[13]  Marco Pasetti,et al.  On the integration of E-Vehicle data for advanced management of private electrical charging systems , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC).

[14]  Daniele Manerba,et al.  A Virtual Power Plant Architecture for the Demand-Side Management of Smart Prosumers , 2018 .

[15]  Song Han,et al.  Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[16]  Luc Int Panis,et al.  Health and environmental benefits related to electric vehicle introduction in EU countries , 2014 .

[17]  Yongxiu He,et al.  Real-time electricity pricing mechanism in China based on system dynamics , 2015 .

[18]  Emiliano Sisinni,et al.  Impact of Quality of Service on Cloud Based Industrial IoT Applications with OPC UA , 2018 .

[19]  Chong Cao,et al.  Generalized Nash equilibrium problem based electric vehicle charging management in distribution networks , 2018 .

[20]  Karsten von Maydell,et al.  Effect of EV Movement Schedule and Machine Learning-Based Load Forecasting on Electricity Cost of a Single Household , 2018 .

[21]  Michela Longo,et al.  e-Mobility Forecast for the Transnational e-Corridor Planning , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

[22]  Emiliano Sisinni,et al.  Characterization of IP-Based Communication for Smart Grid Using Software-Defined Networking , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[23]  Rosario Miceli,et al.  Eletric vehicles impact using renewable energy , 2015, 2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER).

[24]  D. Zaninelli,et al.  “Team Play” between Renewable Energy Sources and Vehicle Fleet to Decrease Air Pollution , 2015 .

[25]  Emiliano Sisinni,et al.  On the Mobile Communication Requirements for the Demand-Side Management of Electric Vehicles , 2018 .

[26]  K. Bhattacharya,et al.  Optimal PHEV charging in coordination with distributed generation operation in distribution systems , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[27]  Alexander Schuller,et al.  Charging Coordination Paradigms of Electric Vehicles , 2015 .

[28]  Vigna Kumaran Ramachandaramurthy,et al.  Integration of electric vehicles in smart grid: A review on vehicle to grid technologies and optimization techniques , 2016 .

[29]  Wenfeng Liu,et al.  Pricing model for the charging of electric vehicles based on system dynamics in Beijing , 2017 .

[30]  Davide Della Giustina,et al.  Experimental characterization of communication infrastructure for virtual power plant monitoring , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems (AMPS).

[31]  Salman Habib,et al.  Impact analysis of vehicle-to-grid technology and charging strategies of electric vehicles on distribution networks – A review , 2015 .