Laminar burning velocity of gasolines with addition of ethanol

The adiabatic laminar burning velocities of a commercial gasoline and of a model fuel (n-heptane, iso-octane, and toluene mixture) of close research octane number have been measured at 358 K. Non-stretched flames were stabilized on a perforated plate burner at 1 atm. The heat flux method was used to determine burning velocities under conditions for which the net heat loss of the flame is zero. Very similar values of flame velocities have been obtained for the commercial gasoline and for the proposed model fuel. The influence of ethanol as an oxygenated additive has been investigated for these two fuels and has been found to be negligible for values up to 15% (vol). Measurements were also performed for ethanol and the three pure components of the model fuel at 298, 358 and 398 K. The results obtained for the studied mixtures, and for pure n-heptane, iso-octane, toluene and ethanol, have been satisfactorily simulated using a detailed kinetic mechanism. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)

[1]  Chung King Law,et al.  Laminar flame speeds, non-premixed stagnation ignition, and reduced mechanisms in the oxidation of iso-octane , 2011 .

[2]  M. Metghalchi,et al.  Burning Velocities of Mixtures of Air with Methanol, Isooctane, and Indolene at High Pressure and Temperature , 1982 .

[3]  Ömer L. Gülder,et al.  Laminar Burning Velocities of Methanol, Isooctane and Isooctane/Methanol Blends , 1983 .

[4]  F. Dryer,et al.  Burning Velocities of Real Gasoline Fuel at 353 K and 500 K , 2003 .

[5]  B. Renou,et al.  Measurement of laminar burning velocity and Markstein length relative to fresh gases using a new postprocessing procedure: Application to laminar spherical flames for methane, ethanol and isooctane/air mixtures , 2012 .

[6]  Avinash Kumar Agarwal,et al.  Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines , 2007 .

[7]  J. Biet,et al.  Experimental and Modeling Study of the Low-Temperature Oxidation of Large Alkanes , 2008, 0809.1921.

[8]  S. Davis,et al.  Laminar flame speeds and oxidation kinetics of iso-octane-air and n-heptane-air flames , 1998 .

[9]  Chung King Law,et al.  Laminar flame speeds and oxidation kinetics of benene-air and toluene-air flames , 1996 .

[10]  V. Warth,et al.  Progress toward a unified detailed kinetic model for the autoignition of alkanes from C4 to C10 between 600 and 1200 K , 2005 .

[11]  H. Metghalchi,et al.  Laminar burning speeds of ethanol/air/diluent mixtures , 2011 .

[12]  Ioannis P. Androulakis,et al.  Molecular Structure Effects On Laminar Burning Velocities At Elevated Temperature And Pressure , 2004 .

[13]  Chih-Jen Sung,et al.  Flame Propagation and Extinction Characteristics of Neat Surrogate Fuel Components , 2010 .

[14]  N. Peters,et al.  Laminar burning velocities at high pressure for primary reference fuels and gasoline: Experimental and numerical investigation , 2009 .

[15]  H. F. Calcote,et al.  Effect of Molecular Structure on Burning Velocity. , 1959 .

[16]  Kamal Kumar,et al.  Laminar Flame Speeds of Preheated iso-Octane/O2/N2 and n-Heptane/O2/N2 Mixtures , 2007 .

[17]  De Goey,et al.  The laminar burning velocity of flames propagating in mixtures of hydrocarbons and air measured with the heat flux method , 2004 .

[18]  Chunsheng Ji,et al.  Propagation and extinction of premixed C5–C12 n-alkane flames , 2010 .

[19]  Ke Zeng,et al.  Determination of the laminar burning velocities for mixtures of ethanol and air at elevated temperatures , 2007 .

[20]  P. Glaude,et al.  Measurements of Laminar Flame Velocity for Components of Natural Gas , 2011 .

[21]  C. Sung,et al.  Determination of laminar flame speeds using digital particle image velocimetry: Binary Fuel blends of ethylene, n-Butane, and toluene , 2002 .

[22]  F. Halter,et al.  Nonlinear effects of stretch on the flame front propagation , 2010 .

[23]  R. Cracknell,et al.  Laminar burning velocity measurements of liquid fuels at elevated pressures and temperatures with combustion residuals , 2011 .

[24]  P. Glaude,et al.  Low temperature oxidation of benzene and toluene in mixture with n-decane. , 2013, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. International Symposium on Combustion.

[25]  Ömer L. Gülder,et al.  Burning velocities of ethanol-isooctane blends , 1984 .

[26]  P. Glaude,et al.  EXPERIMENTAL AND MODELING STUDY OF PREMIXED LAMINAR FLAMES OF ETHANOL AND METHANE. , 2013, Energy & fuels : an American Chemical Society journal.

[27]  Charles K. Westbrook,et al.  A comparative experimental and computational study of methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol flames , 2010 .

[28]  A. Konnov,et al.  The temperature dependence of the laminar burning velocity of ethanol flames , 2011 .

[29]  M. Gerstein,et al.  Flame Propagation. II. The Determination of Fundamental Burning Velocities of Hydrocarbons by a Revised Tube Method , 1951 .

[30]  Mohamed I. Hassan,et al.  Flame/Stretch Interactions of Premixed Fuel-Vapor/O/N Flames , 2000 .

[31]  Zuo-hua Huang,et al.  Laminar Flame Speeds of DMF/Iso-octane-Air-N2/CO2 Mixtures , 2012 .

[32]  F. Egolfopoulos,et al.  A study on ethanol oxidation kinetics in laminar premixed flames, flow reactors, and shock tubes , 1992 .

[33]  D. Bradley,et al.  The measurement of laminar burning velocities and Markstein numbers for iso-octane-air and iso-octane-n-heptane-air mixtures at elevated temperatures and pressures in an explosion bomb , 1998 .

[34]  Chih-Jen Sung,et al.  Laminar flame speeds of primary reference fuels and reformer gas mixtures , 2004 .

[35]  A. Konnov,et al.  Laminar burning velocities of n-heptane, iso-octane, ethanol and their binary and tertiary mixtures , 2011 .

[36]  Ömer L. Gülder,et al.  Laminar burning velocities of methanol, ethanol and isooctane-air mixtures , 1982 .

[37]  M. Frenklach,et al.  Transport properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for flame modeling , 1994 .

[38]  Chunsheng Ji,et al.  Propagation and extinction of benzene and alkylated benzene flames , 2012 .

[39]  P. Glaude,et al.  Measurements of Flat-Flame Velocities of Diethyl Ether in Air. , 2012, Energy.

[40]  D. Bradley,et al.  Explosion bomb measurements of ethanol-air laminar gaseous flame characteristics at pressures up to 1.4 MPa , 2009 .

[41]  R. C. Weast,et al.  Effect of initial mixture temperature on the burning velocity of benzene-air, n-heptane-air, and isooctane-air mixtures , 1957 .

[42]  C. Mounaïm-Rousselle,et al.  Experimental estimate of the laminar burning velocity of iso-octane in oxygen-enriched and CO2-diluted air , 2011 .

[43]  F. Halter,et al.  Experimental determination of laminar burning velocity for butanol and ethanol iso-octane blends , 2011 .

[44]  C. Law,et al.  Experimental and modeling study of laminar flame speed and non-premixed counterflow ignition of n-heptane , 2009 .

[45]  C. Muller,et al.  THERGAS: a computer program for the evaluation of thermochemical data of molecules and free radicals in the gas phase , 1995 .

[46]  F. Battin‐Leclerc,et al.  Experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of toluene , 2005 .