Realizations of ideal FDNC and FDNR elements using new types of mutators

New types of mutators for realizing a one-port ideal FDNC (D) and FDNR (N) are defined. The mutators introduced are D–R, D–C, N–R and N–C mutators. Two general types are defined for each mutator. The first type belongs to the generalized positive impedance converter (GPIC) and the second type belongs to the generalized positive impedance inverter (GPII). Moat of the active RC realizations available for simulating an ideal FDNC or FDNR are included as special cases.