Research on the performance of a hydrogen/methanol dual-injection assisted spark-ignition engine using late-injection strategy for methanol

Abstract A dual-fuel spark-ignition engine that was equipped with a hydrogen (H2) port-injection and methanol direct-injection fuel-supply system was used to study the power, combustion and emission performances in a methanol late-injection strategy. The test was operated at a spark timing of a 20° crank angle before top dead center, engine speed of 1200 rpm and 1800 rpm with a manifold absolute pressure of 70 kPa and 68 kPa, respectively, and H2 addition ratio of 0% and 3%, respectively, under different excess-air ratios. The indicated mean effective pressure decreased with an increase in excess-air ratio at an engine speed of 1200 rpm and 1800 rpm. H2 enrichment could expand the lean-burn limits of a methanol engine without or with H2 addition from excess-air ratio 1.6 to 2.2. H2 addition could shorten the flame-development angle and rapid-burning angle, and advance the combustion central angle closer to top dead center. The coefficient of variation in the indicated mean effective pressure was increased significantly as the excess-air ratio was increased over 1.4 for no H2 addition and 1.8 for H2 addition from a 3% methanol engine at an engine speed of 1800 rpm. Brake-specific nitrogen-oxide emissions decreased as the excess-air ratio was increased. The BSNOX emissions for lean-burn conditions are average 90% lower than for excess-air ratio 1.0. The maximum soot emission for 3% H2 addition at engine speed of 1200 rpm and 1800 rpm is 59% and 30% lower than for no H2 addition, respectively.

[1]  Richard Stone,et al.  Analysis of the particulate emissions and combustion performance of a direct injection spark ignition engine using hydrogen and gasoline mixtures , 2010 .

[2]  Jinhua Wang,et al.  Self-acceleration of cellular flames and laminar flame speed of syngas/air mixtures at elevated pressures , 2016 .

[3]  Tianyou Wang,et al.  Evaluation of variable compression ratio (VCR) and variable valve timing (VVT) strategies in a heavy-duty diesel engine with reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion under a wide load range , 2019, Fuel.

[4]  Ghazi A. Karim,et al.  Hydrogen as a spark ignition engine fuel , 2003 .

[5]  V. D. Sarli,et al.  Explosion behavior of hydrogen–methane/air mixtures , 2012 .

[6]  Effect of Preheating on Firing Behavior of a Spark-Ignition Methanol-Fueled Engine during Cold Start , 2009 .

[7]  Hongqing Feng,et al.  Numerical analysis of knock combustion with methanol-isooctane blends in downsized SI engine , 2019, Fuel.

[8]  Changwei Ji,et al.  Combustion and emissions performance of a DME-enriched spark-ignited methanol engine at idle condition , 2011 .

[9]  Deming Jiang,et al.  Laminar burning velocities for mixtures of methanol and air at elevated temperatures , 2007 .

[10]  Guo-xiu Li,et al.  Turbulence influence on explosion characteristics of stoichiometric and rich hydrogen/air mixtures in a spherical closed vessel , 2017 .

[11]  Jinhua Wang,et al.  Flame morphology and self-acceleration of syngas spherically expanding flames , 2018, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

[12]  Mingrui Wei,et al.  The effects of hydrogen addition on soot particle size distribution functions in laminar premixed flame , 2016 .

[13]  R. He,et al.  The influence of hydrogen injection strategy on mixture formation and combustion process in a port injection (PI) rotary engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends , 2018, Energy Conversion and Management.

[14]  Jinhua Wang,et al.  Effect of hydrogen ratio on turbulent flame structure of oxyfuel syngas at high pressure up to 1.0 MPa , 2019, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

[15]  Zhaohui Li,et al.  Numerical investigation of hydrogen addition effects on methanol-air mixtures combustion in premixed laminar flames under lean burn conditions , 2018, Renewable Energy.

[16]  K. Chun,et al.  Hydrogen effects on the combustion stability, performance and emissions of a turbo gasoline direct injection engine in various air/fuel ratios , 2018, Applied Energy.

[17]  Zuo-hua Huang,et al.  Experimental and numerical study on laminar burning characteristics of premixed methane–hydrogen–air flames , 2009 .

[18]  Bo Zhang,et al.  Enhancing the fuel economy and emissions performance of a gasoline engine-powered vehicle with idle elimination and hydrogen start , 2016 .

[19]  Xudong Zhen,et al.  Numerical analysis on original emissions for a spark ignition methanol engine based on detailed chemical kinetics , 2015 .

[20]  Zezhou Guo,et al.  Numerical research on effect of hydrogen blending fractions on idling performance of an n-butanol ignition engine with hydrogen direct injection , 2019 .

[21]  J. P. Bhasker,et al.  Effects of compression ratio and hydrogen addition on lean combustion characteristics and emission formation in a Compressed Natural Gas fuelled spark ignition engine , 2017 .

[22]  Almerinda Di Benedetto,et al.  Flash point of flammable binary mixtures: Synergistic behavior , 2018 .

[23]  Fabio Polonara,et al.  Life-cycle greenhouse gas analysis of LNG as a heavy vehicle fuel in Europe , 2010 .

[24]  Jinhua Wang,et al.  Effect of hydrogen addition on early flame growth of lean burn natural gas–air mixtures , 2010 .

[25]  Su Han Park,et al.  Injection strategy for simultaneous reduction of NOx and soot emissions using two-stage injection in DME fueled engine , 2015 .

[26]  Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç,et al.  Effects of hydrogen and oxygen enrichment on performance and emissions of an SI engine under idle operating condition , 2015 .

[27]  A. Di Benedetto,et al.  Effects of non-equidiffusion on unsteady propagation of hydrogen-enriched methane/air premixed flames , 2013 .

[28]  V. D. Sarli,et al.  The effect of the hydrogen presence on combustion-induced rapid phase transition of CO/O2/N2 mixtures , 2013 .

[29]  Zhaohui Li,et al.  Comparative study on combustion and emissions between methanol port-injection engine and methanol direct-injection engine with H2-enriched port-injection under lean-burn conditions , 2019, Energy Conversion and Management.

[30]  Shuofeng Wang,et al.  Performance of a hydrogen-blended gasoline direct injection engine under various second gasoline direct injection timings , 2018, Energy Conversion and Management.

[31]  Zhaohui Li,et al.  Influence of ignition timing on combustion and emissions of a spark-ignition methanol engine with added hydrogen under lean-burn conditions , 2019, Fuel.

[32]  Shuofeng Wang,et al.  Numerical study on ignition amelioration of a hydrogen-enriched Wankel engine under lean-burn condition , 2019, Applied Energy.

[33]  Omar I. Awad,et al.  Overview of the oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engine: Environmental and performance , 2018, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

[34]  Yingjia Zhang,et al.  High temperature ignition delay time of DME/n-pentane mixture under fuel lean condition , 2017 .

[35]  Wei Chen,et al.  Effect of hydrogen injection strategies on mixture formation and combustion process in a hydrogen direct injection plus natural gas port injection rotary engine , 2018 .

[36]  Andrzej Teodorczyk,et al.  Effect of initial temperature on the explosion pressure of various liquid fuels and their blends , 2016 .

[37]  Bo Zhang,et al.  Enhancing the performance of a spark-ignition methanol engine with hydrogen addition , 2013 .

[38]  N. Houbak,et al.  Technoeconomic analysis of a methanol plant based on gasification of biomass and electrolysis of water , 2010 .

[39]  Shahzad Hossain,et al.  Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and key challenges with applications: A review , 2018, Energy Conversion and Management.

[40]  V. D. Sarli,et al.  Theoretical analysis of anomalous explosion behavior for H2/CO/O2/N2 and CH4/O2/N2/CO2 mixtures in the light of combustion-induced rapid phase transition , 2015 .

[41]  Jinhua Wang,et al.  Effects of hydrogen addition on cellular instabilities of the spherically expanding propane flames , 2009 .

[42]  Bing Liu,et al.  Cycle-by-cycle variations in a spark ignition engine fueled with natural gas–hydrogen blends combined with EGR , 2009 .

[43]  Changming Gong,et al.  Computational study of intake temperature effects on mixture formation, combustion and unregulated emissions of a DISI methanol engine during cold start , 2018, Fuel.

[44]  Sebastian Verhelst,et al.  Recent progress in the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines , 2014 .

[45]  Ahmet Selim Dalkılıç,et al.  Effect of hydrogen and oxygen addition as a mixture on emissions and performance characteristics of a gasoline engine , 2015 .

[46]  Shuofeng Wang,et al.  Effect of ignition timing on performance of a hydrogen-enriched n-butanol rotary engine at lean condition , 2018 .

[47]  Bing Liu,et al.  Experimental investigation on performance and emissions of a spark-ignition engine fuelled with natural gas–hydrogen blends combined with EGR , 2009 .

[48]  Numerical study on combustion and emission in a DISI methanol engine with hydrogen addition , 2016 .

[49]  Hui Hong,et al.  Analysis of a feasible polygeneration system for power and methanol production taking natural gas and biomass as materials , 2010 .

[50]  Joachim Demuynck,et al.  The potential of methanol as a fuel for flex-fuel and dedicated spark-ignition engines , 2013 .

[51]  Jinhua Wang,et al.  Progress in hydrogen enriched hydrocarbons combustion and engine applications , 2014 .

[52]  Graham K. Hargrave,et al.  Time-Resolved Particle Image Velocimetry of dynamic interactions between hydrogen-enriched methane/air premixed flames and toroidal vortex structures , 2012 .

[53]  Bing Liu,et al.  Combustion characteristics of a direct-injection engine fueled with natural gas–hydrogen blends under different ignition timings , 2007 .

[54]  V. Di Sarli.  Stability and Emissions of a Lean Pre-Mixed Combustor with Rich Catalytic/Lean-burn Pilot , 2014 .

[55]  Bo Zhang,et al.  Combustion and emissions characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fueled with hydrogen–methanol blends under lean and various loads conditions , 2014 .

[56]  Xiumin Yu,et al.  Effects of hydrogen direct injection strategy on characteristics of lean-burn hydrogen–gasoline engines , 2017 .

[57]  Yang Wang,et al.  An overview of methanol as an internal combustion engine fuel , 2015 .

[58]  Jinhua Wang,et al.  Effect of hydrogen enrichment and electric field on lean CH4/air flame propagation at elevated pressure , 2019, International journal of hydrogen energy.

[59]  M. A. Jemni,et al.  The effect of H2 enrichment on in-cylinder flow behavior, engine performances and exhaust emissions: Case of LPG-hydrogen engine , 2016 .

[60]  Changming Gong,et al.  Detection and analysis of formaldehyde and unburned methanol emissions from a direct-injection spark-ignition methanol engine , 2018, Fuel.

[61]  J. Moreira,et al.  The alcohol program , 1999 .

[62]  Ramon Molina Valle,et al.  A review of prechamber ignition systems as lean combustion technology for SI engines , 2018 .

[63]  Norimasa Iida,et al.  Influence of spark discharge characteristics on ignition and combustion process and the lean operation limit in a spark ignition engine , 2019, Applied Energy.

[64]  Zuo-hua Huang,et al.  Measurements of laminar burning velocities for natural gas–hydrogen–air mixtures , 2006 .

[65]  Bo Zhang,et al.  Lean burn performance of a hydrogen-blended gasoline engine at the wide open throttle condition , 2014 .

[66]  Shuofeng Wang,et al.  Numerical investigation on the mixture formation and combustion processes of a gasoline rotary engine with direct injected hydrogen enrichment , 2018, Applied Energy.

[67]  Deming Jiang,et al.  Study of cyclic variations of direct-injection combustion fueled with natural gas–hydrogen blends using a constant volume vessel , 2008 .

[68]  Huiming Gong,et al.  Effects of engine misfire on regulated, unregulated emissions from a methanol-fueled vehicle and its ozone forming potential , 2016 .

[69]  Luís Carlos M. Sales,et al.  Cold start emissions of an ethanol-fuelled engine with heated intake air and fuel , 2012 .

[70]  N. Clark,et al.  Low pressure direct injection strategies effect on a small SI natural gas two-stroke engine’s energy distribution and emissions , 2018, Applied Energy.

[71]  Mohammed Kamil,et al.  Performance prediction of spark-ignition engine running on gasoline-hydrogen and methane-hydrogen blends , 2015 .

[72]  K. Zeng.  Effect of excess air/fuel ratio and methanol addition on the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a natural gas/methanol dual-fuel engine , 2019, Fuel.

[73]  Almerinda Di Benedetto,et al.  Effect of pressure on the flash point of various fuels and their binary mixtures , 2018 .

[74]  Jun Li,et al.  Effects of ambient temperature on firing behavior and unregulated emissions of spark-ignition methanol and liquefied petroleum gas/methanol engines during cold start , 2011 .

[75]  Jinhua Wang,et al.  Numerical study of the effect of hydrogen addition on methane–air mixtures combustion , 2009 .

[77]  John B. Heywood,et al.  Internal combustion engine fundamentals , 1988 .

[78]  A. Di Benedetto,et al.  Laminar burning velocity of hydrogen-methane/air premixed flames , 2007 .

[79]  Gennaro Russo,et al.  Combined effects of initial pressure and turbulence on explosions of hydrogen-enriched methane/air mixtures , 2009 .

[80]  Paul A. Erickson,et al.  An experimental evaluation of ultra-lean burn capability of a hydrogen-enriched ethanol-fuelled Wankel engine at full load condition , 2016 .

[81]  Bo Zhang,et al.  Investigation on the cold start characteristics of a hydrogen-enriched methanol engine , 2014 .