A particle dry-deposition parameterization scheme for use in tracer transport models

A particle dry-deposition parameterization scheme for use in tracer transport models is presented. The scheme produces particle deposition velocities relative to the bottom transport model level expressed in terms of wind speed, temperature, and air density at the bottom model level; surface momentum drag coefficient; particle size and density; characteristics of the surface roughness elements; and several parameters derived for different surface types. A two-layer boundary layer model is employed to calculate the surface deposition velocities. Formulas for the particle deposition velocity are derived for four surface types: smooth surfaces, surfaces with bluff roughness elements, ocean surfaces, and vegetative canopies. The following processes are included in the model: turbulent transport through the boundary layer, gravitational settling, deposition by Brownian diffusion, interception and impaction on the surface roughness elements, diffusiophoresis on water surfaces, and, in limited cases, particle bounce-off. Electrical and thermophoretic effects are ignored as well as particle blow-off. As an illustrative example, the scheme is applied to a general circulation model to calculate the deposition velocities of ambient tropospheric aerosols. The calculated deposition velocities show a strong dependence upon the wind field in the bottom model level, the particle size distribution, and, to a lesser extent, the surface type. Particle mass deposition velocities of continental aerosols are found to lie in the range 0.003–0.036 cm/s for the accumulation mode and in the range 0.5–2.5 cm/s for the coarse mode.

[1]  M. Wesely,et al.  Measurements and parameterization of particulate sulfur dry deposition over grass , 1985 .

[2]  S. Friedlander,et al.  A general correlation for deposition of suspended particles from turbulent gases to completely rough surfaces , 1985 .

[3]  A. C. Chamberlain,et al.  Transport of gases and particles to surfaces with widely spaced roughness elements , 1984 .

[4]  R. C. Malone,et al.  The Simulation of Stationary and Transient Geopotential-Height Eddies in January and July with a Spectral General Circulation Model , 1984 .

[5]  H. Grassl,et al.  A 2-D model of global aerosol transport , 1984 .

[6]  M. Jenkin.  An investigation into the enhancement of deposition of hygroscopic aerosols to wet surfaces in a wind tunnel , 1984 .

[7]  William Bourke,et al.  January and July Simulations with a Spectral General Circulation Model , 1983 .

[8]  Eric J. Pitcher,et al.  The Response of a Spectral General Circulation Model to Refinements in Radiative Processes , 1983 .

[9]  W. Slinn.  Air-to-Sea Transfer of Particles , 1983 .

[10]  L. Williamson,et al.  Description of NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM0B) , 1983 .

[11]  Cliff I. Davidson,et al.  The influence of surface structure on predicted particle dry deposition to natural grass canopies , 1982 .

[12]  Richard M. Williams.  A model for the dry deposition of particles to natural water surfaces , 1982 .

[13]  W. Slinn,et al.  Predictions for particle deposition to vegetative canopies , 1982 .

[14]  W. Brutsaert.  Evaporation into the atmosphere , 1982 .

[15]  Robert A. Brown.  Modeling the geostrophic drag coefficient for AIDJEX , 1981 .

[16]  G. Sehmel.  Particle and gas dry deposition: A review , 1980 .

[17]  W. Slinn,et al.  Predictions for particle deposition on natural waters , 1980 .

[18]  E. Shettle,et al.  Models for the aerosols of the lower atmosphere and the effects of humidity variations on their optical properties , 1979 .

[19]  Wilfried Brutsaert,et al.  Heat and mass transfer to and from surfaces with dense vegetation or similar permeable roughness , 1979 .

[20]  Thomas A. McMahon,et al.  Empirical atmospheric deposition parameters—A survey , 1979 .

[21]  D. Bache.  Particulate transport within plant canopies—ii. prediction of deposition velocities , 1979 .

[22]  S. Friedlander,et al.  A filtration model for aerosol dry deposition: Application to trace metal deposition from the atmosphere , 1978 .

[23]  W. H. Hodgson,et al.  Model for predicting dry deposition of particles and gases to environmental surfaces , 1978 .

[24]  K. T. Whitby.  THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SULFUR AEROSOLS , 1978 .

[25]  B. Hicks,et al.  Some aspects of the transfer of atmospheric trace constituents past the air-sea interface , 1978 .

[26]  J. Garratt.  Review of Drag Coefficients over Oceans and Continents , 1977 .

[27]  P. Little.  Deposition of 2.75, 5.0 and 8.5 μm particles to plant and soil surfaces , 1977 .

[28]  R. D. Wiffen,et al.  Emission and deposition of petrol engine exhaust Pb--I. Deposition of exhaust Pb to plant and soil surfaces. , 1977, Atmospheric environment.

[29]  M. W. Reeks,et al.  The dependence of particle deposition velocity on particle inertia in turbulent pipe flow , 1976 .

[30]  W. Slinn.  Dry deposition and resuspension of aerosol particles - a new look at some old problems , 1976 .

[31]  A. Baille,et al.  Modele numerique de dispersion des polluants atmospheriques en presence de couverts vegetaux: Application aux couverts forestiers , 1976 .

[32]  Wilfried Brutsaert,et al.  A theory for local evaporation (or heat transfer) from rough and smooth surfaces at ground level , 1975 .

[33]  W. S. Clough.  The deposition of particles on moss and grass surfaces , 1975 .

[34]  S. L. Sutter,et al.  Particle deposition rates on a water surface as a function of particle diameter and air velocity , 1974 .

[35]  Benjamin Y. H. Liu,et al.  Experimental observation of aerosol deposition in turbulent flow , 1974 .

[36]  I. Seginer.  Aerodynamic roughness of vegetated surfaces , 1974 .

[37]  G. Sehmel.  Particle eddy diffusivities and deposition velocities for isothermal flow and smooth surfaces , 1973 .

[38]  A. S. Thom,et al.  Momentum, mass and heat exchange of vegetation , 1972 .

[39]  A. Thom.  Momentum absorption by vegetation , 1971 .

[40]  U. Möller,et al.  Mechanisms of transport from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface , 1970 .

[41]  Jin Wu,et al.  Wind stress and surface roughness at air‐sea interface , 1969 .

[42]  F. Kasten.  Falling Speed of Aerosol Particles , 1968 .

[43]  A. Thom.  The exchange of momentum, mass, and heat between an artificial leaf and the airflow in a wind‐tunnel , 1968 .

[44]  A C Wells,et al.  TRANSPORT OF SMALL PARTICLES TO VERTICAL SURFACES. , 1967 .

[45]  A. C. Chamberlain,et al.  Transport of Lycopodium spores and other small particles to rough surfaces , 1967, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[46]  A. C. Chamberlain,et al.  Transport of gases to and from grass and grass-like surfaces , 1966, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[47]  C. N. Davies,et al.  The Mechanics of Aerosols , 1964 .

[48]  S. Friedlander,et al.  Deposition of Suspended Particles from Turbulent Gas Streams , 1957 .

[49]  H. Charnock.  Wind stress on a water surface , 1955 .