The application of the GastroDuo as an in vitro dissolution tool to simulate the gastric emptying of the postprandial stomach.

In the postprandial stomach, processes such as secretion, digestion, and gastric emptying all occur simultaneously. Therefore, the system is highly heterogeneous and dynamically changing, for instance in terms of various physicochemical parameters such as pH value or viscosity. Thus, the administration of a drug together with food can result in highly variable drug plasma concentrations, which may affect the efficacy and safety of the pharmacotherapy. In this work, pharmacokinetic data obtained from two fed state bioequivalence studies with the immediate release drug products Viagra® (sildenafil) and Adenuric® (febuxostat) have been analyzed. This evaluation revealed that basically three characteristic types of onset behavior of drug plasma concentration can be distinguished. It was hypothesized that the different types of onset behavior were mainly caused by the interplay between gastric drug dissolution and gastric emptying. To study this interplay in vitro, a biopredictive dissolution tool the GastroDuo was developed and used for both drug products. Thereby, three different test programs have been applied to simulate certain aspects of the postprandial human stomach, which included dynamic pH changes, gastric peristalsis and the kinetics of gastric emptying. Specifically, the behavior of non caloric fluids by the so called "Magenstrasse" was taken into deeper consideration. The experiments revealed that the dissolution and emptying behavior of the two drug products were affected in different ways by the three test programs. The in vitro data nicely explained the tendencies of the drug products for certain types of onset behavior observed in the pharmacokinetic data. Whereas Viagra® was stronger affected by simulated peristalsis, Adenuric® was more sensitive to the simulated emptying kinetics. This work clearly demonstrated the important role of gastric fluid emptying for the onset of drug plasma concentration after oral administration of immediate release formulations in the fed state. Moreover, this was the first study in which the GastroDuo was applied as a biopredictive in vitro model which is able to simulate crucial parameters of the human stomach (e.g. pH profiles, gastric emptying) in a realistic manner.