Retraction Note to: New probabilistic models for managing user’s locations in PCS networks

Personal communication service (PCS) networks enable mobile terminals (MTs) to communicate regardless of their locations. However, in order to guarantee an efficient service delivery, MTs’ real time locations should be perfectly managed. Location management (LM) includes two fundamental processes; registration and paging. The former is concerned with the reporting of the current locations of the MTs, while the latter is used to locate a MT. Both processes incur signaling cost across the wireless channel. The more the location updates, the less the paging signaling cost, thus there is a tradeoff in terms of signaling cost. Due to the scarcity of PCS wireless bandwidth, it is important to reduce that signaling cost. As The blanket paging in current mobile networks wastes a lot of wireless bandwidth, we focus on the subject of paging and try to reduce the paging signaling cost under a predefined delay bound. Our contribution can be summarized as: (i) establishing a family of probability based paging strategies; (ii) introducing a novel topology for PCS registration area, which is called the hot spot topology (HST); (iii) based on HST, a novel LM strategy, which is called “Flower Based Strategy” had been introduced. Experimental results had shown that that the proposed paging strategies substantially lower the signaling cost of paging compared to the blanket one with a negligible increase in paging delay.