Cultivar-Specific Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Pak Choi (Brassica Rapa, Chinensis Group) by Methyl Jasmonate

Glucosinolates, their hydrolysis products and primary metabolites were analyzed in five pak choi cultivars to determine the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on metabolite flux from primary metabolites to glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. Among detected glucosinolates (total 14 glucosinolates; 9 aliphatic, 4 indole and 1 aromatic glucosinolates), indole glucosinolate concentrations (153–229%) and their hydrolysis products increased with MeJA treatment. Changes in the total isothiocyanates by MeJA were associated with epithiospecifier protein activity estimated as nitrile formation. Goitrin, a goitrogenic compound, significantly decreased by MeJA treatment in all cultivars. Changes in glucosinolates, especially aliphatic, significantly differed among cultivars. Primary metabolites including amino acids, organic acids and sugars also changed with MeJA treatment in a cultivar-specific manner. A decreased sugar level suggests that they might be a carbon source for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in MeJA-treated pak choi. The result of the present study suggests that MeJA can be an effective agent to elevate indole glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products and to reduce a goitrogenic compound in pak choi. The total glucosinolate concentration was the highest in “Chinese cabbage” in the control group (32.5 µmol/g DW), but indole glucosinolates increased the greatest in “Asian” when treated with MeJA.

[1]  A. Vig,et al.  3-Butenyl isothiocyanate: a hydrolytic product of glucosinolate as a potential cytotoxic agent against human cancer cell lines , 2016, Journal of Food Science and Technology.

[2]  Moo Jung Kim,et al.  Profiles of Glucosinolates, Their Hydrolysis Products, and Quinone Reductase Inducing Activity from 39 Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) Accessions. , 2016, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[3]  J. Juvik,et al.  Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses of Glucosinolates in Two Broccoli Cultivars Following Jasmonate Treatment for the Induction of Glucosinolate Defense to Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) , 2016, International journal of molecular sciences.

[4]  Zhujun Zhu,et al.  Glucosinolate enhancement in leaves and roots of pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) by methyl jasmonate , 2015, Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology.

[5]  Arif Hasan Khan Robin,et al.  Identification and Expression Analysis of Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Genes and Estimation of Glucosinolate Contents in Edible Organs of Brassica oleracea Subspecies , 2015, Molecules.

[6]  Zhujun Zhu,et al.  Global analysis of transcriptional response of Chinese cabbage to methyl jasmonate reveals JA signaling on enhancement of secondary metabolism pathways , 2015 .

[7]  J. Juvik,et al.  Correlation of quinone reductase activity and allyl isothiocyanate formation among different genotypes and grades of horseradish roots. , 2015, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[8]  J. Juvik,et al.  Enhancement of broccoli indole glucosinolates by methyl jasmonate treatment and effects on prostate carcinogenesis. , 2014, Journal of medicinal food.

[9]  J. Juvik,et al.  Total myrosinase activity estimates in brassica vegetable produce. , 2014, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[10]  J. Juvik,et al.  Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate Treatment Increases Glucosinolate Biosynthesis and Quinone Reductase Activity in Kale Leaf Tissue , 2014, PloS one.

[11]  Kun Lu,et al.  The Brassica oleracea genome reveals the asymmetrical evolution of polyploid genomes , 2014, Nature Communications.

[12]  H. Glatt,et al.  High mutagenic activity of juice from pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) sprouts due to its content of 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate, and its enhancement by elicitation with methyl jasmonate. , 2014, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[13]  J. J. Jansen,et al.  Correction: Plants Know Where It Hurts: Root and Shoot Jasmonic Acid Induction Elicit Differential Responses in Brassica oleracea , 2013, PLoS ONE.

[14]  J. Juvik,et al.  Influence of seasonal variation and methyl jasmonate mediated induction of glucosinolate biosynthesis on quinone reductase activity in broccoli florets. , 2013, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[15]  H. Glatt,et al.  Induced Production of 1-Methoxy-indol-3-ylmethyl Glucosinolate by Jasmonic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate in Sprouts and Leaves of Pak Choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) , 2013, International journal of molecular sciences.

[16]  J. J. Jansen,et al.  Plants Know Where It Hurts: Root and Shoot Jasmonic Acid Induction Elicit Differential Responses in Brassica oleracea , 2013, PloS one.

[17]  J. Juvik,et al.  Pre-harvest Methyl Jasmonate Treatment Enhances Cauliflower Chemoprotective Attributes Without a Loss in Postharvest Quality , 2013, Plant Foods for Human Nutrition.

[18]  J. Namieśnik,et al.  Convenient identification of desulfoglucosinolates on the basis of mass spectra obtained during liquid chromatography-diode array-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry analysis: method verification for sprouts of different Brassicaceae species extracts. , 2013, Journal of chromatography. A.

[19]  H. Glatt,et al.  Genotypic variation of the glucosinolate profile in pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis). , 2013, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[20]  K. Lee,et al.  Indole-3-carbinol prevents diet-induced obesity through modulation of multiple genes related to adipogenesis, thermogenesis or inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue of mice. , 2012, The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.

[21]  Guoyao Wu.  Functional amino acids in growth, reproduction, and health. , 2010, Advances in nutrition.

[22]  Choong Hwan Lee,et al.  Metabolomics analysis reveals the compositional differences of shade grown tea (Camellia sinensis L.). , 2010, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[23]  Xiufeng Yan,et al.  Regulation of plant glucosinolate metabolism , 2007, Planta.

[24]  Peng Li,et al.  Amino acids and immune function , 2007, British Journal of Nutrition.

[25]  K. Wanner,et al.  Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry , 2007 .

[26]  Y. Choi,et al.  Metabolomic analysis of methyl jasmonate treated Brassica rapa leaves by 2-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. , 2006, Phytochemistry.

[27]  M. Andreeff,et al.  Indole-3-carbinol suppresses NF-κB and IκBα kinase activation, causing inhibition of expression of NF-κB-regulated antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products and enhancement of apoptosis in myeloid and leukemia cells , 2005 .

[28]  Shyh-Hsiang Lin,et al.  Inhibition of cell proliferation and in vitro markers of angiogenesis by indole-3-carbinol, a major indole metabolite present in cruciferous vegetables. , 2005, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[29]  M. Seidelin,et al.  Characterization of the N-methoxyindole-3-carbinol (NI3C)--induced cell cycle arrest in human colon cancer cell lines. , 2004, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[30]  E. Jeffery,et al.  Crambene, a bioactive nitrile derived from glucosinolate hydrolysis, acts via the antioxidant response element to upregulate quinone reductase alone or synergistically with indole-3-carbinol. , 2004, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[31]  Nathan V. Matusheski,et al.  Heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in broccoli. , 2004, Phytochemistry.

[32]  B. P. Klein,et al.  Glucosinolate profiles in Broccoli: Variation in levels and implications in breeding for cancer chemoprotection , 2002 .

[33]  E. Jeffery,et al.  The synergistic upregulation of phase II detoxification enzymes by glucosinolate breakdown products in cruciferous vegetables. , 2001, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[34]  L. Bjeldanes,et al.  N-Methoxyindole-3-Carbinol Is a More Efficient Inducer of Cytochrome P-450 1A1 in Cultured Cells Than Indol-3-Carbinol , 2000, Nutrition and cancer.

[35]  Y. Shukla,et al.  Antitumour promoting activity of indole-3-carbinol in mouse skin carcinogenesis. , 1998, Cancer letters.

[36]  Atle M. Bones,et al.  THE MYROSINASE-GLUCOSINOLATE SYSTEM, ITS ORGANISATION AND BIOCHEMISTRY , 1996 .

[37]  G. Spencer,et al.  Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of nitriles, isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones derived from cruciferous glucosinolates , 1980 .

[38]  Polymerized Fatty Acid Esters With Aminoalcohol Alkoxylates; Exemption From the Requirement of a Tolerance , 2016 .

[39]  H. Kim.  Functional studies of lignin biosynthesis genes and putative flowering gene in Miscanthus x giganteus and studies on indolyl glucosinolate biosynthesis and translocation in Brassica oleracea , 2010 .

[40]  M. Horbowicz,et al.  The effect of methyl jasmonate on free fatty acids content in ripening tomato fruits , 2008, Biologia Plantarum.

[41]  Lars Rask,et al.  Myrosinase: gene family evolution and herbivore defense in Brassicaceae , 2004, Plant Molecular Biology.

[42]  E. Gaitan,et al.  Goitrogens in food and water. , 1990, Annual review of nutrition.

[43]  E. W. Underhill,et al.  Biosynthesis of glucosinolates. , 1973, Biochemical Society symposium.

[44]  C. Djerassi,et al.  Mass Spectra of Isothiocyanates. , 1963 .