Brain protection: physiological and pharmacological considerations. Part II: the pharmacology of brain protection

Neuroprotective agents may exert their effect by reducing cerebral oxygen demand (CMRO2), increasing cerebral oxygen delivery, or by altering ongoing pathological processes. Barbiturates provide neuroprotection by reducing the CMRO2 necessary for synoptic transmission while leaving the component necessary for cellular metabolism intact. Isoflurane may exert a neuroprotective effect by a similar mechanism but its efficacy is likely less than that of barbiturates due to adverse effects on cerebral blood flow. Lidocaine reduces CMRO2 by affecting both cellular metabolic processes and synoptic transmission and thus resembles hypothermia in its mechanism of action. Benzodiazepines reduce CMRO2 by reducing synoptic transmission and their use as neuroprotectants produces less haemodynamic compromise than barbiturates. The mechanism of protection by calcium entry blocking agents appears to be due to improved blood flow as opposed to altering abnormal Ca++ fluxes. In contrast, agents such as ketamine and MK-801 may prevent abnormal Ca++ fluxes through their competitive interaction with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Phenytoin prevents K+ —mediated ischaemic events from progressing. Agents worthy of further investigation include corticosteroids, free radical scavengers, prostaglandin inhibitors and iron chelators.RésuméOn peut protéger le cerveau soit en diminuant ses besoins (CMRO2) ou en améliorant son apport en oxygène, soit en modifiant le processus pathologique sous-jacent. Les barbituriques exercent leur action protectrice en diminuant les besoins en oxygène nécessaires à la transmission synaptique tout en laissant intacte la composante requise par le métabolisme cellulaire. L’effet protecteur de l’isoflurane tient du même mécanisme mais son efficacité est sans doute limitée par un certain degré de vasodilatation cérébrale. A l’instar de l’hypothermie, la lidocaïne diminue le CMRO2 associé au métabolisme cellulaire et à la transmission synaptique. Les benzodiazépines quant à elles, n’agissent que sur cette dernière, mais elles préservent mieux l’équilibre hémodynamique que les barbituriques lorsque employées pour fin de protection cérébrale. Les bloqueurs des canaux calciques semblent exercer leur effet protecteur plus par une amélioration du flot sanguin cérébral que par une normalisation du transport du calcium. Par contre, la kétamine et le MK-801 semblent pouvoir empêcher les flux calciques anormaux en agissant sur les récepteurs de N-méthyl-D-aspartate. La phénytoïne empêche la redistribution du K+ induite par l’ischémie, limitant ainsi les dommages. Le potentiel de protection cérébrale offert par les corticostéroïdes, les inhibiteurs des prostaglandines et les chélateurs du fer ou des radicaux libres mérite d’étre étudié plus à fond.

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