Generic Demand Modelling Considering the Impact of Prosumers for Future Grid Scenario Studies

High penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) in future grids (FGs) requires flexible resources such as energy storage and demand response (DR) to maintain the balance between demand and supply. At the same time, residential battery storage is becoming an increasingly sound proposition for users with rooftop photovoltaic (PV). Hence, in this paper, we propose a generic demand model which represents the aggregated effect of price-responsive users equipped with rooftop PV-battery systems (prosumers) for modelling net future demand in FG scenario studies. The model that is market structure agnostic aims to mimic the behaviour of an efficient future electricity market provided a suitable mechanism for DR aggregation is adopted. The framework is based on a bi-level optimisation in which a unit commitment (UC) problem is taken as the upper-level optimisation aiming to minimise the total electricity cost. The lower-level optimisation is formulated in terms of an aggregation of prosumers aiming to maximise their self-consumption. Case studies explore the influence of different penetration of prosumers on performance, loadability and voltage stability of the Australian National Electricity Market with an increased penetration of RESs.