The metabolic syndrome: time to get off the merry‐go‐round?

Abstract.  Reaven GM (Stanford University School of Medicine). The metabolic syndrome: time to get off the merry‐go‐round? (Review) J Intern Med 2011; 269: 127–136.

[1]  J. Mckenney,et al.  Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). , 2001, JAMA.

[2]  G. Reaven,et al.  Resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal as a predictor of cardiovascular disease. , 1998, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[3]  E. Ravussin,et al.  Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  H. Minuk,et al.  Metabolic syndrome. , 2005, Journal of insurance medicine.

[5]  K. Reynolds,et al.  The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004) , 2008 .

[6]  D. Eddy,et al.  The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: implications for clinical practice , 2008, International Journal of Obesity.

[7]  G. Reaven,et al.  Evaluation of octreotide to assess insulin-mediated glucose disposal by the insulin suppression test , 1994, Diabetologia.

[8]  E. Bonora,et al.  Risk factors for coronary artery disease in healthy persons with hyperinsulinemia and normal glucose tolerance. , 1989, The New England journal of medicine.

[9]  R. D'Agostino,et al.  Metabolic Syndrome as a Precursor of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus , 2005, Circulation.

[10]  J. Després,et al.  International Day for the Evaluation of Abdominal Obesity (IDEA): A Study of Waist Circumference, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes Mellitus in 168 000 Primary Care Patients in 63 Countries , 2007, Circulation.

[11]  G. Reaven,et al.  Cigarette smokers are relatively glucose intolerant, hyperinsulinemic and dyslipidemic. , 1994, The American journal of cardiology.

[12]  E. A. M. Gale,et al.  The metabolic syndrome: useful concept or clinical tool? Report of a WHO Expert Consultation , 2010, Diabetologia.

[13]  G. Reaven,et al.  Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking , 1992, The Lancet.

[14]  G. Reaven.  Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease , 1988, Diabetes.

[15]  C. Lamendola,et al.  Prevalence of insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular disease risk factors among normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals. , 2004, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[16]  G. Mancia,et al.  Metabolic Syndrome in the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni (PAMELA) Study: Daily Life Blood Pressure, Cardiac Damage, and Prognosis , 2007, Hypertension.

[17]  S. Lillioja,et al.  Relationship between degree of obesity and in vivo insulin action in man. , 1985, The American journal of physiology.

[18]  P. Zimmet,et al.  Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO Consultation , 1998, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[19]  Richard Kahn,et al.  The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[20]  Rosen Laborato.  Relation of Plasma Lipids to Insulin Resistance, Nonesterified Fatty Acid Levels, and Body Fat in Men From Three Ethnic Groups: Relevance to Variation in Risk of Diabetes and Coronary Disease , 2000 .

[21]  Tracey McLaughlin,et al.  Heterogeneity in the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese individuals: effect of differences in insulin sensitivity. , 2007, Archives of internal medicine.

[22]  N. Unwin,et al.  Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National , 2009 .

[23]  T. Welborn,et al.  The metabolic syndrome as a tool for predicting future diabetes: the AusDiab study , 2008, Journal of Internal Medicine.

[24]  G. Reaven,et al.  Comparison of impedance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake in normal subjects and in subjects with latent diabetes. , 1970, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[25]  S. Haffner,et al.  Identification of Persons at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Do We Need the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test? , 2002, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[26]  S. Grundy,et al.  Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International As , 2009, Circulation.

[27]  S. Haffner,et al.  Does the metabolic syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease? , 2004, Diabetes care.

[28]  J. Mckenney,et al.  Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II) , 1993, JAMA.

[29]  S. Lillioja,et al.  In Vivo Insulin Action Is Familial Characteristic in Nondiabetic Pima Indians , 1987, Diabetes.

[30]  Tracey McLaughlin,et al.  Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[31]  G. Reaven,et al.  Comparison of body mass index versus waist circumference with the metabolic changes that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in insulin-resistant individuals. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[32]  A. Mokdad,et al.  Trends in waist circumference among U.S. adults. , 2003, Obesity research.

[33]  Maria Inês Schmidt,et al.  The metabolic syndrome and 11-year risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[34]  G. Reaven,et al.  Insulin resistance as a predictor of age-related diseases. , 2001, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[35]  Paul Zimmet,et al.  The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition , 2005, The Lancet.

[36]  G. Reaven,et al.  Relationship between several surrogate estimates of insulin resistance and quantification of insulin-mediated glucose disposal in 490 healthy nondiabetic volunteers. , 2000, Diabetes care.

[37]  Richard W Morris,et al.  Metabolic syndrome vs Framingham Risk Score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 2005, Archives of internal medicine.

[38]  G. Reaven,et al.  Body mass index and waist circumference both contribute to differences in insulin-mediated glucose disposal in nondiabetic adults. , 2006, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[39]  A. Krolewski,et al.  Slow glucose removal rate and hyperinsulinemia precede the development of type II diabetes in the offspring of diabetic parents. , 1990, Annals of internal medicine.

[40]  P. Macfarlane,et al.  Can metabolic syndrome usefully predict cardiovascular disease and diabetes? Outcome data from two prospective studies , 2008, The Lancet.

[41]  Anthony Gamst,et al.  Association of the Metabolic Syndrome With History of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , 2004, Circulation.

[42]  E. Ford.  Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[43]  G. Reaven,et al.  Assessment of Insulin Resistance with the Insulin Suppression Test and the Euglycemic Clamp , 1981, Diabetes.

[44]  E. Tai,et al.  Should Central Obesity Be an Optional or Essential Component of the Metabolic Syndrome? , 2007, Diabetes Care.

[45]  K. Reynolds,et al.  The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004). , 2008, Archives of internal medicine.

[46]  G. Reaven,et al.  Effects of weight reduction on obesity. Studies of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in normal and hyperlipoproteinemic subjects. , 1974, The Journal of clinical investigation.