Planetary space weather: scientific aspects and future perspectives

In this paper, we review the scientific aspects of planetary space weather at different regions of our Solar System, performing a comparative planetology analysis that includes a direct reference to the circum-terrestrial case. Through an interdisciplinary analysis of existing results based both on observational data and theoretical models, we review the nature of the interactions between the environment of a Solar System body other than the Earth and the impinging plasma/radiation, and we offer some considerations related to the planning of future space observations. We highlight the importance of such comparative studies for data interpretations in the context of future space missions (e.g. ESA JUICE; ESA/JAXA BEPI COLOMBO). Moreover, we discuss how the study of planetary space weather can provide feedback for better understanding the traditional circum-terrestrial space weather. Finally, a strategy for future global investigations related to this thematic is proposed.

[1]  Philippe Lognonné,et al.  The present-day atmosphere of Mars: Where does it come from? , 2009 .

[2]  A. Milillo,et al.  Neutral particle release from Europa’s surface , 2010 .

[3]  Paul D. Feldman,et al.  The Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede , 1998 .

[4]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  MESSENGER and Mariner 10 Flyby Observations of Magnetotail Structure and Dynamics at Mercury , 2012 .

[5]  A. Coustenis,et al.  Chemical Composition of Icy Satellite Surfaces , 2010 .

[6]  Barry H. Mauk,et al.  Electron radiation belts of the solar system , 2010 .

[7]  William E. McClintock,et al.  Mercury’s Complex Exosphere: Results from MESSENGER’s Third Flyby , 2010, Science.

[8]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Saturn's elusive nightside polar arc , 2014 .

[9]  Victor Yanke,et al.  Modeling ground level enhancements: Event of 20 January 2005 , 2007 .

[10]  N. Schaeffer,et al.  A dynamo driven by zonal jets at the upper surface: Applications to giant planets , 2011, 1106.2701.

[11]  R. Dickinson,et al.  Models of Venus neutral upper atmosphere: Structure and composition , 1985 .

[12]  John D. Richardson,et al.  Plasmasphere formation in arbitrarily oriented magnetospheres , 1986 .

[13]  A. M. Di Lellis,et al.  Neutral atom imaging at Mercury , 2006 .

[14]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Auroral footprint of Ganymede , 2009 .

[15]  Jean Lilensten,et al.  A fast computation of the diurnal secondary ion production in the ionosphere of Titan , 2005 .

[16]  Jan-Erik Wahlund,et al.  Role of the ionosphere for the atmospheric evolution of planets. , 2007, Astrobiology.

[17]  J. H. Waite,et al.  Heavy negative ions in Titan's ionosphere: altitude and latitude dependence , 2009 .

[18]  Timothy Edward Dowling,et al.  Jupiter : the planet, satellites, and magnetosphere , 2004 .

[19]  William E. McClintock,et al.  Seasonal Variations in Mercury's Dayside Calcium Exosphere , 2014 .

[20]  R. Clark,et al.  Dione's spectral and geological properties , 2010 .

[21]  Jonathan D. Nichols,et al.  Oscillation of Saturn's southern auroral oval , 2008 .

[22]  Karen L. Aplin,et al.  Electrifying Atmospheres: Charging, Ionisation and Lightning in the Solar System and Beyond , 2013 .

[23]  A. McEwen.  Exogenic and endogenic albedo and color patterns on Europa , 1986 .

[24]  Tom A. Nordheim,et al.  Constraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: I. Cosmic rays , 2015 .

[25]  Barry H. Mauk,et al.  Fundamental Plasma Processes in Saturn's Magnetosphere , 2009 .

[26]  A. F. Cheng,et al.  A model of Triton's role in Neptune's magnetosphere , 1994 .

[27]  Jonathan Tennyson,et al.  H2 Quadrupole and H3+ Emission from Uranus: The Uranian Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Aurora , 1999 .

[28]  Panayotis Lavvas,et al.  On the thermal electron balance in Titan's sunlit upper atmosphere , 2013 .

[29]  A. P. Suvorov,et al.  Electrical discharges in the atmosphere of Venus , 1979 .

[30]  D. Odstrcil,et al.  Three-dimensional propagation of CMEs in a structured solar wind flow: 1. CME launched within the streamer belt , 1999 .

[31]  JAKE YESTON.  Science Magazine , 2006 .

[32]  Véronique Dehant,et al.  What characterizes planetary space weather? , 2014 .

[33]  Gerhard Kminek,et al.  The effect of ionizing radiation on the preservation of amino acids on Mars , 2006 .

[34]  J. H. Waite,et al.  Dione and Rhea seasonal exospheres revealed by Cassini CAPS and INMS , 2016 .

[35]  Stephen W. Bougher,et al.  Dayside thermal structure of Venus' upper atmosphere characterized by a global model , 2012 .

[36]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  Electromagnetic Induction from Europa's Ocean and the Deep Interior , 2009 .

[37]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Small-scale structures in Saturn's ultraviolet aurora , 2011 .

[38]  Stephen M. Clifford,et al.  The Evolution of the Martian Hydrosphere. , 2001 .

[39]  R. Clark,et al.  Compositional mapping of Saturn's satellite Dione with Cassini VIMS and implications of dark material in the Saturn system , 2007 .

[40]  Russell A. Howard,et al.  Associations between coronal mass ejections and solar energetic proton events , 1983 .

[41]  L. K. Jian,et al.  PROPAGATION OF THE 2014 JANUARY 7 CME AND RESULTING GEOMAGNETIC NON-EVENT , 2015, 1509.06477.

[42]  Larry W. Esposito,et al.  Saturn from Cassini-Huygens , 2009 .

[43]  John W. Belcher,et al.  Low‐energy ions near Neptune , 1991 .

[44]  David E. Smith,et al.  Gravity Field and Internal Structure of Mercury from MESSENGER , 2012, Science.

[45]  Steven Peter Joy,et al.  The magnetic field and magnetosphere of Ganymede , 1997 .

[46]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  MESSENGER observations of Mercury's magnetosphere during northward IMF , 2009 .

[47]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  Spatial Distribution and Spectral Characteristics of Energetic Electrons in Mercury's Magnetosphere , 2012 .

[48]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Reconnection in a rotation-dominated magnetosphere and its relation to Saturn's auroral dynamics , 2005 .

[49]  A. Nishida,et al.  Reconnection in the Jovian magnetosphere , 1983 .

[50]  Anna Milillo,et al.  Analytical model of Europa’s O2 exosphere , 2014 .

[51]  David C. Pieri,et al.  Coastal Geomorphology of the Martian northern plains , 1993 .

[52]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Jovian cusp processes: Implications for the polar aurora , 2004 .

[53]  R. Ilie,et al.  A Review of General Physical and Chemical Processes Related to Plasma Sources and Losses for Solar System Magnetospheres , 2015 .

[54]  S. P. Littlefair,et al.  Magnetospherically driven optical and radio aurorae at the end of the stellar main sequence , 2015, Nature.

[55]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  ISEE observations of flux transfer events at the dayside magnetopause , 1979 .

[56]  C. T. Russell,et al.  Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto , 1998, Nature.

[57]  J. Connerney,et al.  Saturn's ring current and inner magnetosphere , 1981, Nature.

[58]  Helen A. Mavromichalaki,et al.  Solar cosmic rays during the extremely high ground level enhancement on 23 February 1956 , 2005 .

[59]  F A Cucinotta,et al.  Natural transfer of viable microbes in space. , 2000, Icarus.

[60]  John D. Craven,et al.  Geocoronal imaging with Dynamics Explorer , 1986 .

[61]  Jeffrey S. Kargel,et al.  Mars' Oceanus Borealis, Ancient Glaciers, and the MEGAOUTFLO Hypothesis , 2000 .

[62]  Doris Breuer,et al.  Volcanic Outgassing of CO2 and H2O on Mars , 2011 .

[63]  Edmond C. Roelof,et al.  Statistical analysis of the energetic ion and ENA data for the Titan environment , 2010 .

[64]  N. Krupp,et al.  Electron microdiffusion in the Saturnian radiation belts: Cassini MIMI/LEMMS observations of energetic electron absorption by the icy moons , 2007 .

[65]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  Venus Express observations of atmospheric oxygen escape during the passage of several coronal mass ejections , 2008 .

[66]  S. Solomon,et al.  MESSENGER Mission Overview , 2007 .

[67]  A. Mililloa,et al.  The BepiColombo mission: An outstanding tool for investigating the Hermean environment , 2009 .

[68]  Thomas E. Cravens,et al.  An empirical approach to modeling ion production rates in Titan's ionosphere I: Ion production rates on the dayside and globally , 2015 .

[69]  Sean Bruinsma,et al.  Solar Rotation Effects on the Thermospheres of Mars and Earth , 2006, Science.

[70]  M. Hudson,et al.  The excitation of the far ultraviolet electroglow emissions on Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter. , 1987, Journal of geophysical research.

[71]  Tamas I. Gombosi,et al.  Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere: A global MHD simulation , 2012 .

[72]  J. Fox.  The chemistry of protonated species in the martian ionosphere , 2015 .

[73]  Angioletta Coradini,et al.  Identification of spectral units on Phoebe , 2008 .

[74]  Firdevs Duru,et al.  Plasma environment of Mars as observed by simultaneous MEX-ASPERA-3 and MEX-MARSIS observations , 2008 .

[75]  Norbert Krupp.  Comparison of Plasma Sources in Solar System Magnetospheres , 2015 .

[76]  P. Louarn,et al.  Control of Jupiter's radio emission and aurorae by the solar wind , 2002, Nature.

[77]  Nickolay Ivchenko,et al.  Europa's far ultraviolet oxygen aurora from a comprehensive set of HST observations , 2016 .

[78]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  MESSENGER observations of magnetopause structure and dynamics at Mercury , 2013 .

[79]  C. P. Sonett.  The Solar Wind and Its Interaction with the Magnetosphere , 1964 .

[80]  Denis Grodent,et al.  A multi-scale magnetotail reconnection event at Saturn and associated flows: Cassini/UVIS observations , 2016 .

[81]  L. L. Hood,et al.  Inhibition of solar wind impingement on Mercury by planetary induction currents , 1979 .

[82]  Stefaan Poedts,et al.  Modeling Jupiter's magnetosphere: Influence of the internal sources , 2013 .

[83]  Giuseppe A. Marzo,et al.  Iapetus surface variability revealed from statistical clustering of a VIMS mosaic: The distribution of CO2 , 2011 .

[84]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Discontinuity in Jupiter's main auroral oval , 2008 .

[85]  Rosemary M. Killen,et al.  Impact Vaporization as a Possible Source of Mercury's Calcium Exosphere , 2015 .

[86]  J. Lilensten,et al.  Modelling the Venusian airglow , 2008 .

[87]  Lou‐Chuang Lee,et al.  A mechanism for the multiple brightenings of dayside poleward‐moving auroral forms , 1993 .

[88]  J. Lilensten,et al.  The Ionosphere of Titan: Ideal Diurnal and Nocturnal Cases , 1999 .

[89]  Swh Cowley,et al.  Dawn‐dusk oscillation of Saturn's conjugate auroral ovals , 2010 .

[90]  Mario H. Acuna,et al.  The magnetic field of Neptune , 1992 .

[91]  Bonnie J. Buratti,et al.  Carbon dioxide on the satellites of Saturn: Results from the Cassini VIMS investigation and revisions to the VIMS wavelength scale , 2010 .

[92]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Magnetic field structure of Saturn's dayside magnetosphere and its mapping to the ionosphere: Results from ring current modeling , 2008 .

[93]  Swh Cowley,et al.  Magnetopause reconnection rate estimates for Jupiter's magnetosphere based on interplanetary measurements at ~5AU , 2006 .

[94]  F. Bagenal,et al.  Cassini UVIS observations of the Io plasma torus. IV. Modeling temporal and azimuthal variability , 2007, 0705.4480.

[95]  Christopher J. Mertens,et al.  Computation of Cosmic Ray Ionization and Dose at Mars: a Comparison of HZETRN and Planetocosmics for Proton and Alpha Particles , 2015 .

[96]  Thomas E. Moore,et al.  A quantitative model of the planetary Na + contribution to Mercury’s magnetosphere , 2003 .

[97]  J. Gérard,et al.  Mars thermospheric scale height: CO Cameron and CO2+ dayglow observations from Mars Express , 2015 .

[98]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  Substorms: A global instability of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system , 1999 .

[99]  Heidelberg,et al.  Origins of Solar System Dust beyond Jupiter , 2002 .

[100]  J. Waite,et al.  Cusp observation at Saturn's high-latitude magnetosphere by the Cassini spacecraft , 2014, Geophysical research letters.

[101]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  Mercury's magnetopause and bow shock from MESSENGER Magnetometer observations , 2013 .

[102]  J. Cui.  Analysis of Titan's neutral upper atmosphere from Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer measurements in the Closed Source Neutral mode , 2009 .

[103]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Origin of the main auroral oval in Jupiter's coupled magnetosphere–ionosphere system , 2001 .

[104]  Yoav Yair,et al.  New results on planetary lightning , 2012 .

[105]  C. G. Justus,et al.  Global Reference Atmospheric Model (GRAM) Series for Aeroassist Applications , 2005 .

[106]  James W. Head,et al.  Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate , 2002 .

[107]  Mathieu Barthelemy,et al.  Prediction of blue, red and green aurorae at Mars , 2015 .

[108]  Vytenis M. Vasyliūnas,et al.  The ionosphere of Ganymede , 2001 .

[109]  Mats Holmström,et al.  Solar forcing and planetary ion escape from Mars , 2008 .

[110]  J. Lilensten,et al.  Finding the best proxies for the solar UV irradiance , 2009, 0905.1811.

[111]  Robert H. Brown,et al.  Location of Saturn's northern infrared aurora determined from Cassini VIMS images , 2010 .

[112]  Paul Withers,et al.  Attenuation of radio signals by the ionosphere of Mars: Theoretical development and application to MARSIS observations , 2011 .

[113]  R. Jaumann,et al.  Composition and Physical Properties of Enceladus' Surface , 2006, Science.

[114]  John D. Richardson,et al.  The Solar Wind and Its Interaction with the Interstellar Medium , 2010 .

[115]  Helmut Lammer,et al.  Mapping of the cusp plasma precipitation on the surface of Mercury , 2003 .

[116]  Timothy A. Cassidy,et al.  Collisional spreading of Enceladus' neutral cloud , 2010 .

[117]  Kenneth G. Powell,et al.  Interaction of Mercury with the Solar Wind , 1998 .

[118]  William E. McClintock,et al.  Galileo ultraviolet spectrometer observations of atomic hydrogen in the atmosphere of Ganymede , 1997 .

[119]  Sylvestre Maurice,et al.  Modeling the electron and proton radiation belts of Saturn , 2003 .

[120]  Andrew J. Coates,et al.  Plasma electrons above Saturn's main rings: CAPS observations , 2005 .

[121]  David T. Young,et al.  Identification of photoelectron energy peaks in Saturn's inner neutral torus , 2009 .

[122]  François Leblanc,et al.  Modelling Ganymede’s neutral environment: A 3D test-particle simulation , 2014 .

[123]  Joachim Saur,et al.  Orbital apocenter is not a sufficient condition for HST/STIS detection of Europa’s water vapor aurora , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[124]  J. Harrington,et al.  Solar Wind Control of Jupiter's H+3Auroras , 1996 .

[125]  Mario H. Acuna,et al.  Currents in Saturn's magnetosphere , 1983 .

[126]  John M. Ward,et al.  Modelling the surface and subsurface Martian radiation environment: Implications for astrobiology , 2007 .

[127]  J. Connerney,et al.  Magnetic Fields at Uranus , 1986, Science.

[128]  Sebastien Bourdarie,et al.  A physical model for electron radiation belts of Saturn , 2012 .

[129]  D. Odstrcil,et al.  Distortion of the interplanetary magnetic field by three‐dimensional propagation of coronal mass ejections in a structured solar wind , 1999 .

[130]  Zdeněk Němeček,et al.  Why does the subsolar magnetopause move sunward for radial interplanetary magnetic field , 2012 .

[131]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  MESSENGER observations of Mercury's dayside magnetosphere under extreme solar wind conditions , 2014 .

[132]  Robert E. Johnson.  SURFACE CHEMISTRY IN THE JOVIAN MAGNETOSPHERE RADIATION ENVIRONMENT , 2001 .

[133]  Yasuhiro Koyama,et al.  Observation of short‐term variation of Jupiter's synchrotron radiation , 1999 .

[134]  François Leblanc,et al.  Solar energetic particle event at Mercury , 2003 .

[135]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Signatures of magnetospheric injections in Saturn's aurora , 2013 .

[136]  P. Schippers,et al.  Properties of Saturn kilometric radiation measured within its source region , 2010, 1101.3842.

[137]  P. Falkner,et al.  Structure of Titan's low altitude ionized layer from the Relaxation Probe onboard HUYGENS , 2008 .

[138]  E. Smith,et al.  Saturn's Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere , 1980, Science.

[139]  Richard M. Thorne,et al.  Synchrotron emission images from three-dimensional modeling of the Jovian electron radiation belts , 2001 .

[140]  T V Johnson,et al.  The Galilean Satellites and Jupiter: Voyager 2 Imaging Science Results , 1979, Science.

[141]  Hiromasa Miyasaka,et al.  Solar Energetic Particles Events Observed with EIS Onboard NOZOMI Spacecraft , 2003 .

[142]  Oleg Korablev,et al.  Discovery of an aurora on Mars , 2005, Nature.

[143]  P. Falkner,et al.  Electron conductivity and density profiles derived from the mutual impedance probe measurements performed during the descent of Huygens through the atmosphere of Titan , 2007 .

[144]  James A. Slavin,et al.  The effect of erosion on the solar wind stand-off distance at Mercury , 1979 .

[145]  M. Leipold,et al.  The Science with the Interstellar Heliopause Probe , 2006 .

[146]  Alexey A. Berezhnoy,et al.  Impacts as sources of the exosphere on Mercury , 2008 .

[147]  Edmond C. Roelof,et al.  Recurrent energization of plasma in the midnight-to-dawn quadrant of Saturn's magnetosphere, and its relationship to auroral UV and radio emissions , 2009 .

[148]  Anna Milillo,et al.  Loss rates of Europa's exosphere , 2015 .

[149]  W. Ip,et al.  Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer: Enceladus Plume Composition and Structure , 2006, Science.

[150]  T. H. Morgan,et al.  Ratio of sodium to potassium in the Mercury exosphere , 2002 .

[151]  J. McConnell,et al.  Saturn's upper atmosphere from the Voyager 2 Euv solar and stellar occultations , 1983 .

[152]  J. D. Sullivan,et al.  Plasma Observations Near Neptune: Initial Results from Voyager 2 , 1989, Science.

[153]  Richard Selesnick,et al.  Survey of electrons in the Uranian magnetosphere: Voyager 2 observations , 1987 .

[154]  Paul D. Feldman,et al.  The search for a subsurface ocean in Ganymede with Hubble Space Telescope observations of its auroral ovals , 2015 .

[155]  C. Arge,et al.  Improvement in the prediction of solar wind conditions using near‐real time solar magnetic field updates , 2000 .

[156]  Robert E. Johnson.  POLAR CAPS ON GANYMEDE AND IO REVISITED , 1997 .

[157]  Edward W. Cliver,et al.  The Unusual Relativistic Solar Proton Events of 1979 August 21 and 1981 May 10 , 2006 .

[158]  J. B. Dalton,et al.  Magnetospheric ion sputtering and water ice grain size at Europa , 2013 .

[159]  G. Hamilton,et al.  Ultra-relativistic electrons in Jupiter's radiation belts , 2002, Nature.

[160]  Rickard N. Lundin,et al.  Aspera/Phobos measurements of the ion outflow from the MARTIAN ionosphere , 1990 .

[161]  J. H. Waite,et al.  Magnetospheric Science Objectives of the Juno Mission , 2017 .

[162]  M. J. Klein,et al.  Correlation studies between solar wind parameters and the decimetric radio emission from Jupiter , 1989 .

[163]  Giuseppe Piccioni,et al.  The comparative exploration of the ice giant planets with twin spacecraft: Unveiling the history of our Solar System , 2014 .

[164]  James A. Slavin,et al.  Structure and dynamics of Mercury's magnetospheric cusp: MESSENGER measurements of protons and planetary ions , 2014 .

[165]  Donald A. Gurnett,et al.  Titan's ionosphere in the magnetosheath : Cassini RPWS results during the T32 flyby , 2009 .

[166]  Tomoki Kimura,et al.  Cassini observations of ion and electron beams at Saturn and their relationship to infrared auroral arcs , 2012 .

[167]  Anna Milillo,et al.  Exospheric O2 densities at Europa during different orbital phases , 2013 .

[168]  Fritz M. Neubauer,et al.  Magnetic Fields at Neptune , 1989, Science.

[169]  P. Zarka.  Auroral radio emissions at the outer planets: Observations and theories , 1998 .

[170]  S. Bourdarie,et al.  Modeling the inner Jovian electron radiation belt including non-equatorial particles , 2001 .

[171]  Rosemary M. Killen,et al.  The surface‐bounded atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon , 1999 .

[172]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Auroral polar dawn spots: Signatures of internally driven reconnection processes at Jupiter's magnetotail , 2008 .

[173]  Stephen S. Stahara,et al.  A gas dynamic magnetosheath field model for unsteady interplanetary fields - Application to the solar wind interaction with Venus , 1986 .

[174]  G. Horneck,et al.  Natural Transfer of Viable Microbes in Space: 1. From Mars to Earth and Earth to Mars , 2000 .

[175]  Anna Fedorova,et al.  A layer of ozone detected in the nightside upper atmosphere of Venus , 2011 .

[176]  Varun Sheel,et al.  Numerical simulation of the effects of a solar energetic particle event on the ionosphere of Mars , 2012 .

[177]  Peter A. Delamere,et al.  Plasma conditions at Europa’s orbit , 2015 .

[178]  Anna Milillo,et al.  The H2O and O2 exospheres of Ganymede: The result of a complex interaction between the jovian magnetospheric ions and the icy moon , 2015 .

[179]  P. Zarka,et al.  Updated Review of Planetary Atmospheric Electricity , 2008 .

[180]  Christopher J. Mertens,et al.  Ionization processes in the atmosphere of Titan - III. Ionization by high-Z nuclei cosmic rays , 2011 .

[181]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Open flux estimates in Saturn's magnetosphere during the January 2004 Cassini‐HST campaign, and implications for reconnection rates , 2005 .

[182]  S. Debei,et al.  In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment , 2005, Nature.

[183]  M. Andriopoulou,et al.  A New Version of the Neutron Monitor Based Anisotropic GLE Model: Application to GLE60 , 2009, 0911.5676.

[184]  M. Mayor,et al.  An extended upper atmosphere around the extrasolar planet HD209458b , 2003, Nature.

[185]  Joseph A. Burns,et al.  Jupiter's ring system - New results on structure and particle properties , 1987 .

[186]  B. Sonnerup,et al.  Magnetopause reconnection rate , 1974 .

[187]  Norbert Krupp,et al.  Quasi‐periodic modulations of the Jovian magnetotail , 1998 .

[188]  Syun-Ichi Akasofu,et al.  Auroral substorms as an electrical discharge phenomenon , 2015, Progress in Earth and Planetary Science.

[189]  Michael Mendillo,et al.  Solar primary and secondary ionization at Saturn , 2009 .

[190]  Marla H. Moore,et al.  Studies of proton-irradiated SO2 at low temperatures implications for Io , 1984 .

[191]  John W. Belcher,et al.  Positive ion observations in the middle magnetosphere of Jupiter , 1981 .

[192]  Andrew F. Nagy,et al.  Upper Atmosphere and Ionosphere of Saturn , 2009 .

[193]  Denis Grodent.  A Brief Review of Ultraviolet Auroral Emissions on Giant Planets , 2015 .

[194]  Uli Auster,et al.  Electromagnetic Induction Effects and Dynamo Action in the Hermean System , 2007 .

[195]  Michelle F. Thomsen,et al.  Evidence for reconnection at Saturn's magnetopause , 2008 .

[196]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  Mercury’s magnetospheric magnetic field after the first two MESSENGER flybys , 2010 .

[197]  A. I. F. Stewart,et al.  The Venus ultraviolet aurora - Observations at 130.4 nm , 1986 .

[198]  Anna Belehaki,et al.  Developing the scientific basis for monitoring, modelling and predicting space weather , 2008 .

[199]  H. T. Smith,et al.  Enceladus plume variability and the neutral gas densities in Saturn's magnetosphere , 2010 .

[200]  Thomas E. Cravens,et al.  Electron precipitation and related aeronomy of the Jovian thermosphere and ionosphere , 1983 .

[201]  Paul Hartogh,et al.  Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2 , 2011, Nature.

[202]  Robert T. Pappalardo,et al.  Evidence for temporal variability of Enceladus' gas jets: Modeling of Cassini observations , 2008 .

[203]  Judith Bishop,et al.  The middle and upper atmosphere of Neptune. , 1995 .

[204]  Jonathan D. Nichols,et al.  Survey of Saturn auroral storms observed by the Hubble Space Telescope: Implications for storm time scales , 2014 .

[205]  Terence R. Smith.  A theory for the emergence of channelized drainage , 2010 .

[206]  Norbert Krupp,et al.  Simulation of the Galactic Cosmic Rays interaction with Saturn's atmosphere and rings , 2014 .

[207]  M. L. Kaiser,et al.  A technique for short‐term warning of solar energetic particle events based on flare location, flare size, and evidence of particle escape , 2009 .

[208]  James A. Slavin,et al.  The dayside magnetospheric boundary layer at Mercury , 2011 .

[209]  Fran Bagenal,et al.  Giant planet magnetospheres , 1992 .

[210]  Norbert Krupp,et al.  Particle bursts in the Jovian magnetosphere: Evidence for a near‐Jupiter neutral line , 2002 .

[211]  Bruce Block,et al.  Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer Results from the First Flyby of Titan , 2005, Science.

[212]  D. Curtis,et al.  MAVEN observations of the response of Mars to an interplanetary coronal mass ejection , 2015, Science.

[213]  James S. Sims,et al.  The lower ionosphere of Venus , 1974 .

[214]  Norbert Krupp,et al.  Modeling of the energetic ion observations in the vicinity of Rhea and Dione , 2013 .

[215]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Field‐aligned currents in Saturn's southern nightside magnetosphere: Subcorotation and planetary period oscillation components , 2014 .

[216]  Nicholas Achilleos,et al.  Surface waves on Saturn's magnetopause , 2012 .

[217]  Ingo Müller-Wodarg,et al.  Magnetosphere-Atmosphere Coupling at Saturn: 1. Response of Thermosphere and Ionosphere to Steady State Polar Forcing , 2012 .

[218]  J. D. Nichols,et al.  Response of Jupiter's UV auroras to interplanetary conditions as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope during the Cassini flyby campaign , 2007 .

[219]  J. Merka,et al.  Earth's bow shock and magnetopause in the case of a field-aligned upstream flow: Observation and model comparison , 2003 .

[220]  Nancy Janet Chanover,et al.  The effect of solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and solar wind streams on Venus’ 5577 Å oxygen green line , 2014 .

[221]  A. Roux,et al.  Evidence for a magnetosphere at Ganymede from plasma-wave observations by the Galileo spacecraft , 1996, Nature.

[222]  Michelle F. Thomsen,et al.  Spatial and temporal dependence of the convective electric field in Saturn's inner magnetosphere , 2014 .

[223]  Naoki Terada,et al.  Effects of the surface conductivity and the IMF strength on the dynamics of planetary ions in Mercury's magnetosphere , 2013 .

[224]  David G. Sibeck,et al.  Oscillations of magnetospheric boundaries driven by IMF rotations , 1998 .

[225]  Maxim L. Khodachenko,et al.  The sodium exosphere of Mercury: Comparison between observations during Mercury's transit and model results , 2009 .

[226]  Norbert Krupp,et al.  Titan's exosphere and its interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[227]  William E. McClintock,et al.  Mercury’s seasonal sodium exosphere: MESSENGER orbital observations , 2015 .

[228]  Dusan Odstrcil,et al.  Numerical simulation of the 12 May 1997 interplanetary CME event , 2004 .

[229]  Barry H. Mauk,et al.  Hot plasma parameters of Jupiter's inner magnetosphere , 1996 .

[230]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Jupiter's main auroral oval observed with HST-STIS , 2003 .

[231]  Thomas A. Bida,et al.  The calcium exosphere of Mercury , 2005 .

[232]  John C. McConnell,et al.  The upper ionospheres of Jupiter and Saturn , 1991 .

[233]  H. T. Smith,et al.  Saturn Plasma Sources and Associated Transport Processes , 2015 .

[234]  J. W. Chamberlain,et al.  PLANETARY CORONAE AND ATMOSPHERIC EVAPORATION , 1963 .

[235]  Jean Lilensten,et al.  Ionization processes in the atmosphere of Titan II. Electron precipitation along magnetic field lines , 2009 .

[236]  A. Vasavada,et al.  Mars’ Surface Radiation Environment Measured with the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity Rover , 2014, Science.

[237]  V. Vasyliūnas,et al.  The convection-dominated magnetosphere of Uranus , 1986 .

[238]  Rosaly M. C. Lopes,et al.  Io after Galileo , 2004 .

[239]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Auroral signatures of flow bursts released during magnetotail reconnection at Jupiter , 2010 .

[240]  George Gloeckler,et al.  MESSENGER Observations of the Spatial Distribution of Planetary Ions Near Mercury , 2011, Science.

[241]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Interplanetary magnetic field control of Saturn's polar cusp aurora , 2005 .

[242]  Michelle F. Thomsen,et al.  Cassini observations of Saturn's inner plasmasphere: Saturn orbit insertion results , 2006 .

[243]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Equatorward diffuse auroral emissions at Jupiter: Simultaneous HST and Galileo observations , 2009 .

[244]  Stefano Massetti,et al.  Ground-level enhancements during solar cycle 23: results from SVIRCO, LOMNICKY STIT and LARC neutron monitors , 2005 .

[245]  Laurent Lamy,et al.  Auroral Processes at the Giant Planets: Energy Deposition, Emission Mechanisms, Morphology and Spectra , 2015 .

[246]  M. L. Kaiser,et al.  Non-detection at Venus of high-frequency radio signals characteristic of terrestrial lightning , 2001, Nature.

[247]  Bruce M. Jakosky,et al.  Atmospheric loss since the onset of the Martian geologic record: Combined role of impact erosion and sputtering , 1998 .

[248]  H. Hasegawa,et al.  Dense and stagnant ions in the low‐latitude boundary region under northward interplanetary magnetic field , 2004 .

[249]  Sascha Kempf,et al.  Identification of Saturn's magnetospheric regions and associated plasma processes: Synopsis of Cassini observations during orbit insertion , 2008 .

[250]  Barry H. Mauk,et al.  Energetic ion and electron phase space densities in the magnetosphere of Uranus , 1987 .

[251]  Ronald G. Prinn,et al.  COMPOSITION OF THE VENUS ATMOSPHERE , 2022, Venus.

[252]  J. H. Waite,et al.  Current review of the Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus ionospheres , 1987 .

[253]  J. Luhmann,et al.  The Aeronomy of Mars: Characterization by MAVEN of the Upper Atmosphere Reservoir That Regulates Volatile Escape , 2015 .

[254]  Philippe Zarka,et al.  Response of Jupiter's and Saturn's auroral activity to the solar wind , 2009 .

[255]  Panayotis Lavvas,et al.  Titan’s emission processes during eclipse , 2014 .

[256]  Charles R. Chappell,et al.  The Role of the Ionosphere in Providing Plasma to the Terrestrial Magnetosphere—An Historical Overview , 2015 .

[257]  Peter A. Delamere,et al.  Europa’s atmospheric neutral escape: Importance of symmetrical O 2 charge exchange , 2016 .

[258]  C. G. Justus,et al.  GLOBAL REFERENCE ATMOSPHERIC MODELS FOR AEROASSIST APPLICATIONS , 2005 .

[259]  A. Coustenis,et al.  Titan’s temporal evolution in stratospheric trace gases near the poles , 2015 .

[260]  Krishan K. Khurana,et al.  Properties of Ganymede's magnetosphere inferred from improved three-dimensional MHD simulations , 2009 .

[261]  Nicolas Thomas,et al.  Water and Related Chemistry in the Solar System. A Guaranteed Time Key Programme for Herschel , 2009 .

[262]  Martin Wieser,et al.  Low-Energy Energetic Neutral Atom Imaging of Io Plasma and Neutral Tori , 2014 .

[263]  J. H. Waite,et al.  An auroral flare at Jupiter , 2001, Nature.

[264]  Louis A. Frank,et al.  Outflow of hydrogen ions from Ganymede , 1997 .

[265]  D. H. Fairfield,et al.  Average and unusual locations of the Earth's magnetopause and bow shock , 1971 .

[266]  T. J. Parker,et al.  CHANNELS AND VALLEY NETWORKS ASSOCIATED WITH ARGYRE PLANITIA, MARS; , 2009 .

[267]  A. A. West,et al.  ORIGIN OF ELECTRON CYCLOTRON MASER INDUCED RADIO EMISSIONS AT ULTRACOOL DWARFS: MAGNETOSPHERE–IONOSPHERE COUPLING CURRENTS , 2012, 1210.1864.

[268]  P. Drossart,et al.  JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE): An ESA mission to orbit Ganymede and to characterise the Jupiter system , 2013 .

[269]  William J. Borucki,et al.  Highly charged cloud particles in the atmosphere of Venus , 2009 .

[270]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Bifurcations of the main auroral ring at Saturn: ionospheric signatures of consecutive reconnection events at the magnetopause , 2011 .

[271]  Anna Fedorova,et al.  Thermal structure of Venus nightside upper atmosphere measured by stellar occultations with SPICAV/Venus Express , 2015 .

[272]  K.-H. Glassmeier,et al.  The plasma interaction of Enceladus: 3D hybrid simulations and comparison with Cassini MAG data , 2009 .

[273]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  Substorms at Jupiter: Galileo observations of transient reconnection in the near tail , 2000 .

[274]  S. Krimigis,et al.  Imaging the Interaction of the Heliosphere with the Interstellar Medium from Saturn with Cassini , 2009, Science.

[275]  Mehdi Benna,et al.  MESSENGER Observations of Extreme Loading and Unloading of Mercury’s Magnetic Tail , 2010, Science.

[276]  Karen Aplin.  Atmospheric Electrification in the Solar System , 2006 .

[277]  Robert E. Johnson,et al.  The effect of magnetospheric ion bombardment on the reflectance of Europa's surface , 1992 .

[278]  David T. Young,et al.  Discovery of heavy negative ions in Titan's ionosphere , 2007 .

[279]  Carl P. Simon,et al.  Prediction of a N2++ layer in the upper atmosphere of Titan , 2005 .

[280]  Krishan K. Khurana,et al.  Mass release at Jupiter: Substorm-like processes in the Jovian magnetotail , 2005 .

[281]  William S. Kurth,et al.  ULF waves in Ganymede's upstream magnetosphere , 2013 .

[282]  R. Yelle,et al.  The global precipitation of magnetospheric electrons into Titan’s upper atmosphere , 2014 .

[283]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Transient auroral features at Saturn: Signatures of energetic particle injections in the magnetosphere , 2009 .

[284]  David T. Young,et al.  Ion densities and composition of Titan's upper atmosphere derived from the Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer: Analysis methods and comparison of measured ion densities to photochemical model simulations , 2012 .

[285]  John D. Craven,et al.  Polar views of the Earth's aurora with Dynamics Explorer , 1982 .

[286]  R E Johnson,et al.  The Interaction of the Atmosphere of Enceladus with Saturn's Plasma , 2006, Science.

[287]  James A. Slavin,et al.  MESSENGER observations of a flux‐transfer‐event shower at Mercury , 2012 .

[288]  J. B. Blake,et al.  On the injection of cosmic ray secondaries into the inner Saturnian magnetosphere: 1. Protons from the CRAND Process , 1983 .

[289]  William J. Borucki,et al.  Comparison of Venusian lightning observations , 1982 .

[290]  L. Dartnell,et al.  Ionizing radiation and life. , 2011, Astrobiology.

[291]  Robert A. West,et al.  Microphysical modeling of Titan’s detached haze layer in a 3D GCM , 2015 .

[292]  William J. Borucki,et al.  Predicted electrical conductivity between 0 and 80 km in the Venusian atmosphere , 1982 .

[293]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Corotation-driven magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling currents in Saturn's magnetosphere and their relation to the auroras , 2003 .

[294]  F. Leblanc,et al.  Composition and Detection of Europa's Sputter-Induced Atmosphere , 2007 .

[295]  Robert T. Pappalardo,et al.  The origin of Ganymede's polar caps , 2007 .

[296]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Nightside reconnection at Jupiter: Auroral and magnetic field observations from 26 July 1998 , 2011 .

[297]  J. Connerney,et al.  Martian magnetic morphology: Contributions from the solar wind and crust , 2003 .

[298]  Athena Coustenis,et al.  TITAN: EXPLORING AN EARTHLIKE WORLD , 2008 .

[299]  A. W. Schardt,et al.  Physics of the Jovian magnetosphere. 5. High-energy particles. , 1983 .

[300]  Michael Moser,et al.  A Geant4 application to simulate the interaction of space radiation with the Mercurian environment , 2006 .

[301]  Norbert Krupp,et al.  The variable extension of Saturn׳s electron radiation belts , 2014 .

[302]  Ralph L. McNutt,et al.  Plume ionosphere of Enceladus as seen by the Cassini ion and neutral mass spectrometer , 2009 .

[303]  John M Ward,et al.  Low-temperature ionizing radiation resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans and Antarctic Dry Valley bacteria. , 2010, Astrobiology.

[304]  G. Reitz,et al.  The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) Investigation , 2012 .

[305]  V. Vasyliūnas,et al.  Plasma distribution and flow , 1983 .

[306]  M. W. Dunlop,et al.  Asymmetry of magnetosheath flows and magnetopause shape during low Alfvén Mach number solar wind , 2013 .

[307]  Angioletta Coradini,et al.  Hydrocarbons on Saturn's satellites Iapetus and Phoebe , 2008 .

[308]  Helmut Lammer,et al.  Monte-Carlo simulation of Callisto’s exosphere , 2015 .

[309]  Paul D. Feldman,et al.  Transient Water Vapor at Europa’s South Pole , 2014, Science.

[310]  Andrew J. Coates,et al.  Ionospheric photoelectrons: Comparing Venus, Earth, Mars and Titan , 2010 .

[311]  Gábor Tóth,et al.  On the evolution of the solar wind between 1 and 5 AU at the time of the Cassini Jupiter flyby: Multispacecraft observations of interplanetary coronal mass ejections including the formation of a merged interaction region , 2004 .

[312]  Johannes Benkhoff,et al.  BepiColombo—Comprehensive exploration of Mercury: Mission overview and science goals , 2010 .

[313]  James A. Van Allen,et al.  Absorption of energetic protons by Saturn's ring g. Progress report for FY83 , 1983 .

[314]  M. Gruntman,et al.  Structures and Spectral Variations of the Outer Heliosphere in IBEX Energetic Neutral Atom Maps , 2009, Science.

[315]  Phillip C. Chamberlin,et al.  Numerical simulations of the ionosphere of Mars during a solar flare , 2011 .

[316]  Denis Grodent,et al.  A possible auroral signature of a magnetotail reconnection process on Jupiter , 2004 .

[317]  Rudolf A. Treumann,et al.  Auroral plasma physics , 2002 .

[318]  J. H. Waite,et al.  An empirical approach to modeling ion production rates in Titan's ionosphere II: Ion production rates on the nightside , 2015 .

[319]  Robert A. West,et al.  Titan airglow during eclipse , 2012 .

[320]  S. W. H. Cowley,et al.  Response of Uranus' auroras to solar wind compressions at equinox , 2013 .

[321]  Barry H. Mauk,et al.  The hot plasma and radiation environment of the Uranian magnetosphere , 1987 .

[322]  Ignasi Ribas,et al.  Planetary Magnetic Fields and Solar Forcing: Implications for Atmospheric Evolution , 2007 .

[323]  Ronald F. Elsner,et al.  Simultaneous Chandra X ray, Hubble Space Telescope Ultraviolet, and Ulysses Radio Observations of Jupiter's Aurora , 2005 .

[324]  Ming Li,et al.  Circulation dynamics and salt balance in a lagoonal estuary , 2012 .

[325]  Paul E. Geissler,et al.  Simulation of Na D emission near Europa during eclipse , 2008 .

[326]  Michelle F. Thomsen,et al.  Saturn's Magnetospheric Configuration , 2009 .

[327]  Thomas R. McDonough,et al.  Jupiter's radiation belts , 1973 .

[328]  G. Leonard Tyler,et al.  The dayside ionospheres of Mars and Venus: Comparing a one-dimensional photochemical model with MaRS (Mars Express) and VeRa (Venus Express) observations , 2014 .

[329]  Zdeněk Němeček,et al.  IMF cone angle control of the magnetopause location: Statistical study , 2010 .

[330]  L. Burlaga,et al.  Magnetic fields and plasmas in the inner heliosphere: Helios results , 2001 .

[331]  S. Suess,et al.  Compression of the Hermaean magnetosphere by the solar wind , 1979 .

[332]  Gregorio J. Molina-Cuberos,et al.  A model of the martian ionosphere below 70 km , 2001 .

[333]  H. Bridge,et al.  A survey of the plasma electron environment of Jupiter: A view from Voyager , 1981 .

[334]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  Distribution and compositional variations of plasma ions in Mercury's space environment: The first three Mercury years of MESSENGER observations , 2013 .

[335]  Edward J. Smith,et al.  Interplanetary magnetic field at ∼9 AU during the declining phase of the solar cycle and its implications for Saturn's magnetospheric dynamics , 2004 .

[336]  Denis Grodent,et al.  A self‐consistent model of the Jovian auroral thermal structure , 2001 .

[337]  M. Gruntman,et al.  Global Observations of the Interstellar Interaction from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) , 2009, Science.

[338]  François Leblanc,et al.  Mars atmospheric escape and evolution; interaction with the solar wind , 2004 .

[339]  Angioletta Coradini,et al.  Vesta and Ceres: Crossing the History of the Solar System , 2011 .

[340]  Wing-Huen Ip,et al.  Europa's Oxygen Exosphere and Its Magnetospheric Interaction , 1996 .

[341]  C. Schrijver,et al.  Stream structure and coronal sources of the solar wind during the May 12th, 1997 CME , 2003 .

[342]  C. Bertucci,et al.  Titan interaction with the supersonic solar wind: Cassini T96 observations , 2014 .

[343]  L. Horn,et al.  Infrared Observations of the Uranian System , 1986, Science.

[344]  Richard M. Thorne,et al.  Relativistic charged particle precipitation into Jupiter's sub-auroral atmosphere , 2003 .

[345]  N. Krupp,et al.  Plasma sheet dynamics in the Jovian magnetotail: Signatures For substorm‐like processes ? , 1999 .

[346]  Krishan K. Khurana,et al.  Dynamics of Ganymede's magnetopause: Intermittent reconnection under steady external conditions: GANYMEDE MAGNETOPAUSE DYNAMICS , 2010 .

[347]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Observations of Jovian polar auroral filaments , 2009 .

[348]  Donald A. Gurnett,et al.  A study of the large‐scale dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere using the Galileo Plasma Wave Experiment , 1998 .

[349]  Supriya Chakrabarti,et al.  Uranus Pathfinder: exploring the origins and evolution of Ice Giant planets , 2012 .

[350]  Xinlin Li,et al.  Parametric study of shock‐induced transport and energization of relativistic electrons in the magnetosphere , 2005 .

[351]  G. Gloeckler,et al.  MESSENGER Observations of the Composition of Mercury's Ionized Exosphere and Plasma Environment , 2008, Science.

[352]  C. Bertucci,et al.  Electron density and temperature measurements in the cold plasma environment of Titan: Implications for atmospheric escape , 2010 .

[353]  W. Eidel,et al.  The structure of Venus’ middle atmosphere and ionosphere , 2007, Nature.

[354]  S. Erard,et al.  A dynamic upper atmosphere of Venus as revealed by VIRTIS on Venus Express , 2007, Nature.

[355]  M. Marconi,et al.  A kinetic model of Ganymede's atmosphere , 2007 .

[356]  Aikaterini Radioti,et al.  Concurrent observations of ultraviolet aurora and energetic electron precipitation with Mars Express , 2015 .

[357]  R. Baragiola,et al.  Sputtering of ice by low-energy ions , 2008 .

[358]  Anna Milillo,et al.  Loss rates of Europa׳s tenuous atmosphere , 2016 .

[359]  Mark E. Perry,et al.  Cassini INMS observations of neutral molecules in Saturn's E‐ring , 2010 .

[360]  Jonathan D. Nichols,et al.  Open flux in Saturn’s magnetosphere , 2014 .

[361]  Christopher J. Mertens,et al.  Influence of dust loading on atmospheric ionizing radiation on Mars , 2014 .

[362]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  Characteristics of the Marslike limit of the Venus‐solar wind interaction , 1987 .

[363]  J. Waite,et al.  The Process of Tholin Formation in Titan's Upper Atmosphere , 2007, Science.

[364]  Amanda R. Hendrix,et al.  Cassini UVIS observations of Europa's oxygen atmosphere and torus , 2005 .

[365]  Rosaly M. C. Lopes,et al.  Atmospheric/Exospheric Characteristics of Icy Satellites , 2010 .

[366]  Roger V. Yelle,et al.  Gravity Waves in Jupiter's Thermosphere , 1997, Science.

[367]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Variation of different components of Jupiter's auroral emission , 2008 .

[368]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  An extended study of the low‐latitude boundary layer on the dawn and dusk flanks of the magnetosphere , 1987 .

[369]  Bonnie J. Buratti,et al.  The Saturnian satellite Rhea as seen by Cassini VIMS , 2012 .

[370]  David T. Young,et al.  Production, ionization and redistribution of O2 in Saturn's ring atmosphere , 2006 .

[371]  James S. Sims,et al.  The ionosphere of mars below 80 km altitude—I quiescent conditions , 1971 .

[372]  C. Bertucci,et al.  Titan's interaction with the supersonic solar wind , 2015 .

[373]  Joachim Saur,et al.  Energetic aspects of Enceladus' magnetospheric interaction , 2013 .

[374]  A. Boudjemai,et al.  Space environment effect on earth observation satellite instruments , 2015, 2015 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST).

[375]  Helmut Feuchtgruber,et al.  Photochemistry of Saturn's Atmosphere: I. Hydrocarbon Chemistry and Comparisons with ISO Observations , 2000 .

[376]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  Reconnection at the magnetopause of Saturn: Perspective from FTE occurrence and magnetosphere size , 2012 .

[377]  J. Dungey.  Interplanetary Magnetic Field and the Auroral Zones , 1961 .

[378]  N. Krupp,et al.  Discovery of a transient radiation belt at Saturn , 2008 .

[379]  M. Maggi,et al.  Mars Express and Venus Express multi-point observations of geoeffective solar flare events in December 2006 , 2008 .

[380]  N. Krupp,et al.  A dynamic, rotating ring current around Saturn , 2007, Nature.

[381]  Fritz M. Neubauer,et al.  Time-varying interaction of Europa with the jovian magnetosphere: Constraints on the conductivity of Europa's subsurface ocean , 2007 .

[382]  Harald U. Frey,et al.  Localized ion outflow in response to a solar wind pressure pulse , 2002 .

[383]  Pekka Janhunen,et al.  Solar wind and magnetospheric ion impact on Mercury's surface , 2003 .

[384]  Anna Milillo,et al.  Jupiter’s Magnetosphere: Plasma Sources and Transport , 2015, Space Science Reviews.

[385]  Athena Coustenis,et al.  THERMAL AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE VARIATIONS IN TITAN'S STRATOSPHERE DURING THE CASSINI MISSION , 2012 .

[386]  J. H. Waite,et al.  A pulsating auroral X-ray hot spot on Jupiter , 2002, Nature.

[387]  Athena Coustenis,et al.  Letter to the Editor ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS Evidence for water vapor in Titan’s atmosphere from ISO/SWS data ⋆ LETTER , 1998 .

[388]  Ichiro Yoshikawa,et al.  Interplanetary dust distribution and temporal variability of Mercury's atmospheric Na , 2009 .

[389]  K. Ogilvie,et al.  The wind spacecraft and its early scientific results , 1997 .

[390]  Paul Mahaffy,et al.  Degradation of the organic molecules in the shallow subsurface of Mars due to irradiation by cosmic rays , 2012 .

[391]  Kiyohumi Yumoto,et al.  Anomalous sudden commencement on March 24, 1991 , 1997 .

[392]  Lisa C. Simonsen,et al.  Radiation climate map for analyzing risks to astronauts on the mars surface from galactic cosmic rays , 2004 .

[393]  Thomas E. Cravens,et al.  Energy Deposition Processes in Titan's Upper Atmosphere , 2008 .

[394]  L. L. Hood,et al.  Radial diffusion in Saturn's radiation belts: A modeling analysis assuming satellite and ring E absorption , 1983 .

[395]  B. Burke,et al.  Observations of a variable radio source associated with the planet Jupiter , 1955 .

[396]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Signature of Saturn's auroral cusp:simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope FUV observations and upstream solar wind monitoring , 2005 .

[397]  Fritz M. Neubauer,et al.  Interaction of the Jovian magnetosphere with Europa: Constraints on the neutral atmosphere , 1998 .

[398]  Robert E. Johnson.  Plasma-induced sputtering of an atmosphere , 1994 .

[399]  William T. Reach,et al.  TRAJECTORIES AND DISTRIBUTION OF INTERSTELLAR DUST GRAINS IN THE HELIOSPHERE , 2012, 1210.1127.

[400]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Auroral counterpart of magnetic field dipolarizations in Saturn's tail , 2011 .

[401]  Robert L. McPherron,et al.  Magnetospheric substorms-definition and signatures , 1980 .

[402]  H. Lammer,et al.  Cosmic Ray and UV Radiation Models on the Ancient Martian Surface , 2001 .

[403]  Paul N. Romani,et al.  The upper atmosphere of Uranus: EUV occultations observed by Voyager 2 , 1987 .

[404]  Sebastien Bourdarie,et al.  Jupiter's inner radiation belts , 2004 .

[405]  Caitriona M. Jackman,et al.  The overall configuration of the interplanetary magnetic field upstream of Saturn as revealed by Cassini observations , 2008 .

[406]  E. E. Woodfield,et al.  The origin of Jupiter's outer radiation belt , 2014, 2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS).

[407]  P. D. Feldman,et al.  Detection of an oxygen atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Europa , 1995, Nature.

[408]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  Magnetic flux pileup and plasma depletion in Mercury's subsolar magnetosheath , 2013 .

[409]  Joseph A. Burns,et al.  The Structure of Jupiter's Ring System as Revealed by the Galileo Imaging Experiment , 1999 .

[410]  C. Bertucci,et al.  Structure of Titan's induced magnetosphere under varying background magnetic field conditions: Survey of Cassini magnetometer data from flybys TA–T85 , 2012 .

[411]  D. Odstrcil,et al.  Three-dimensional propagation of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in a structured solar wind flow: 2. CME launched adjacent to the streamer belt , 1999 .

[412]  X. Y. Wu,et al.  Dynamic fluid kinetic (DyFK) simulation of auroral ion transport: Synergistic effects of parallel potentials, transverse ion heating, and soft electron precipitation , 2002 .

[413]  David L. Huestis,et al.  Oxygen atom Rydberg emission in the equatorial ionosphere from radiative recombination , 2004 .

[414]  John F. Cooper,et al.  Nuclear cascades in Saturn's rings: Cosmic ray albedo neutron decay and origins of trapped protons in the inner magnetosphere , 1983 .

[415]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Quasi‐periodic polar flares at Jupiter: A signature of pulsed dayside reconnections? , 2011 .

[416]  Naoki Terada,et al.  Dependence of O+ escape rate from the Venusian upper atmosphere on IMF directions , 2013 .

[417]  T. Hill,et al.  The Jovian auroral oval , 2001 .

[418]  Bonnie J. Buratti,et al.  Fluvial erosion and post-erosional processes on Titan , 2008 .

[419]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Jupiter's polar ionospheric flows: Measured intensity and velocity variations poleward of the main auroral oval , 2003 .

[420]  Jeffrey Baumgardner,et al.  Orbital effects on Mercury’s escaping sodium exosphere , 2010 .

[421]  Sven Jacobsen,et al.  UV Io footprint leading spot: A key feature for understanding the UV Io footprint multiplicity? , 2008 .

[422]  Michelle F. Thomsen,et al.  Electron heating at Saturn's bow shock , 2011 .

[423]  Robert E. Johnson,et al.  Near-surface oxygen atmosphere at Europa , 2001 .

[424]  C. J. Schrijver,et al.  ON A TRANSITION FROM SOLAR-LIKE CORONAE TO ROTATION-DOMINATED JOVIAN-LIKE MAGNETOSPHERES IN ULTRACOOL MAIN-SEQUENCE STARS , 2009, 0905.1354.

[425]  F. S. Turner,et al.  Dynamics of Saturn's Magnetosphere from MIMI During Cassini's Orbital Insertion , 2005, Science.

[426]  Haje Korth,et al.  The Global Magnetic Field of Mercury from MESSENGER Orbital Observations , 2011, Science.

[427]  Ralf Jaumann,et al.  Compositional maps of Saturn's moon Phoebe from imaging spectroscopy , 2005, Nature.

[428]  Mark R. Lankton,et al.  The Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer for the MESSENGER Mission , 2007 .

[429]  Jean Lilensten,et al.  Origins of the Martian aurora observed by Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) on board Mars Express , 2006 .

[430]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Saturn's Polar Ionospheric Flows and Their Relation to the Main Auroral Oval , 2022 .

[431]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  Magnetopause structure and the role of reconnection at the outer planets , 1997 .

[432]  R. Clark,et al.  Infrared (0.83–5.1 μm) photometry of Phoebe from the Cassini Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer , 2008 .

[433]  Michael E. Brown,et al.  Introduction to Space Physics , 1995 .

[434]  V. Vasyliūnas,et al.  A survey of low-energy electrons in the evening sector of the magnetosphere with OGO 1 and OGO 3. , 1968 .

[435]  Eric Villard,et al.  HDO and H2O vertical distributions and isotopic ratio in the Venus mesosphere by Solar Occultation at Infrared spectrometer on board Venus Express , 2008 .

[436]  S. Bougher,et al.  The Martian Thermosphere-Ionosphere at High and Low Solar Activities , 1996 .

[437]  Donald V. Reames,et al.  Particle acceleration at the Sun and in the heliosphere , 2013 .

[438]  Daniel N. Baker,et al.  MESSENGER observations of dipolarization events in Mercury's magnetotail , 2012 .

[439]  D. Odstrcil.  Modeling 3-D solar wind structure , 2003 .

[440]  Jean-Claude Gérard,et al.  Venus nitric oxide nightglow mapping from SPICAV nadir observations. , 2013 .

[441]  Barry H. Mauk,et al.  Magnetospheric and Plasma Science with Cassini-Huygens , 2002 .

[442]  J. H. Waite,et al.  Ultraviolet emissions from the magnetic footprints of Io, Ganymede and Europa on Jupiter , 2002, Nature.

[443]  John D. Richardson,et al.  The solar wind in the outer heliosphere , 2004 .

[444]  H. Hasegawa,et al.  Transport of solar wind into Earth's magnetosphere through rolled-up Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices , 2004, Nature.

[445]  S. F. Singer,et al.  TRAPPED ALBEDO THEORY OF THE RADIATION BELT , 1958 .

[446]  Peter A. Delamere,et al.  Radial Variations in the Io Plasma Torus during the Cassini Era , 2005 .

[447]  Jane L. Fox,et al.  Near-terminator Venus ionosphere: How Chapman-esque? , 2007 .

[448]  E. Lellouch,et al.  External supply of oxygen to the atmospheres of the giant planets , 1997, Nature.

[449]  David Ehrenreich,et al.  Dications and thermal ions in planetary atmospheric escape , 2013 .

[450]  Paul D. Feldman,et al.  Detection of Callisto’s oxygen atmosphere with the Hubble Space Telescope , 2015 .

[451]  Mathieu Barthelemy,et al.  Sensitivity of upper atmospheric emissions calculations to solar/stellar UV flux , 2014 .

[452]  Javier Gómez-Elvira,et al.  Comparison of Martian surface ionizing radiation measurements from MSL‐RAD with Badhwar‐O'Neill 2011/HZETRN model calculations , 2014 .

[453]  Paul D. Feldman,et al.  Aurora on Ganymede , 2013 .

[454]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  Evidence for lightning on Venus , 1979, Nature.

[455]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Bursty magnetic reconnection at Saturn's magnetopause , 2013 .

[456]  Stephen S. Stahara,et al.  Planetary Mach cones: Theory and observation , 1984 .

[457]  Mau C. Wong,et al.  A three‐dimensional azimuthally symmetric model atmosphere for Io: 1. Photochemistry and the accumulation of a nightside atmosphere , 1996 .

[458]  John M. Ward,et al.  Martian sub-surface ionising radiation: biosignatures and geology , 2007 .

[459]  W. I. Axford,et al.  Hot Plasma and Energetic Particles in Neptune's Magnetosphere , 1989, Science.

[460]  M. K. Dougherty,et al.  Discontinuities in the magnetic field near Enceladus , 2014 .

[461]  Diego Turrini,et al.  The influence of space environment on the evolution of Mercury , 2009 .

[462]  Rosemary M. Killen,et al.  Origins of Europa Na cloud and torus , 2005 .

[463]  J.-C. Gérard,et al.  Variation of Saturn's UV aurora with SKR phase , 2010 .

[464]  Davide Grassi,et al.  Solar energetic particle interactions with the Venusian atmosphere , 2016 .

[465]  D. Hunten,et al.  Depletion of solar wind plasma near a planetary boundary , 1976 .

[466]  C. Sarlanis,et al.  Author ' s personal copy Applications and usage of the real-time Neutron Monitor Database q , 2011 .

[467]  J. E. Humble,et al.  An Improved Model for Relativistic Solar Proton Acceleration Applied to the 2005 January 20 and Earlier Events , 2008, 0807.5053.

[468]  Barry H. Mauk,et al.  The magnetosphere of Neptune: Hot plasmas and energetic particles , 1991 .

[469]  C. T. Russell,et al.  Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere , 2007, Nature.

[470]  F. Forget,et al.  Density and temperatures of the upper Martian atmosphere measured by stellar occultations with Mars Express SPICAM , 2009 .

[471]  F. Bagenal,et al.  Modeling the Enceladus plume–plasma interaction , 2009, 1001.0787.

[472]  Helmut Lammer,et al.  Monte-Carlo simulation of Mercury's exosphere , 2003 .

[473]  F. Herbert,et al.  The Aurora and Magnetic Field of Uranus , 2008 .

[474]  Pekka Janhunen,et al.  The response of the Hermean magnetosphere to the interplanetary magnetic field , 2004 .

[475]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  Magnetic portraits of Tethys and Rhea , 2008 .

[476]  P. Mäkelä,et al.  Properties of Ground Level Enhancement Events and the Associated Solar Eruptions During Solar Cycle 23 , 2012, 1205.0688.

[477]  Christina Plainaki,et al.  THE GROUND-LEVEL ENHANCEMENT OF 2012 MAY 17: DERIVATION OF SOLAR PROTON EVENT PROPERTIES THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF THE NMBANGLE PPOLA MODEL , 2014 .

[478]  William R. Paterson,et al.  Plasma ion composition measurements for Europa , 2013 .

[479]  Helmut Lammer,et al.  Surface-Exosphere-Magnetosphere System Of Mercury , 2005 .

[480]  Carolyn C. Porco,et al.  HOW THE GEYSERS, TIDAL STRESSES, AND THERMAL EMISSION ACROSS THE SOUTH POLAR TERRAIN OF ENCELADUS ARE RELATED , 2014 .

[481]  B. P. Besser,et al.  Magnetopause stand-off distance in dependence on the magnetosheath and solar wind parameters , 1998 .

[482]  S. Barabash,et al.  Heavy ion escape from Mars, influence from solar wind conditions and crustal magnetic fields , 2011 .

[483]  Edmond C. Roelof,et al.  Energetic neutral atom imaging at low altitudes from the Swedish microsatellite Astrid: Observations at low (≤10 keV) energies , 2001 .

[484]  Gábor Tóth,et al.  Global MHD simulations of Mercury's magnetosphere with coupled planetary interior: Induction effect of the planetary conducting core on the global interaction , 2015 .

[485]  Andrew J. Coates,et al.  Ionization of the Venusian atmosphere from solar and galactic cosmic rays , 2015 .

[486]  James A. Slavin,et al.  Sodium‐ion pickup observed above the magnetopause during MESSENGER's first Mercury flyby: Constraints on neutral exospheric models , 2009 .

[487]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Jupiter's polar auroral emissions , 2003 .

[488]  Barry H. Mauk,et al.  Energetic particle observations near Ganymede , 1999 .

[489]  Robert W. Schunk,et al.  Ionospheres by Robert Schunk , 2009 .

[490]  W. Smyth,et al.  Europa's atmosphere, gas tori, and magnetospheric implications , 2006 .

[491]  François Leblanc,et al.  Mercury's sodium exosphere , 2003 .

[492]  J. Lilensten,et al.  Ionization processes in the atmosphere of Titan: I. Ionization in the whole atmosphere , 2009 .

[493]  William S. Kurth,et al.  Magnetospheric interactions with satellites , 2004 .

[494]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Auroral signatures of multiple magnetopause reconnection at Saturn , 2013 .

[495]  V. Andersen.  Observations of Cosmic Ray Modulation with MARIE , 2006 .

[496]  A. M. Di Lellis,et al.  SERENA: A suite of four instruments (ELENA, STROFIO, PICAM and MIPA) on board BepiColombo-MPO for particle detection in the Hermean environment , 2008 .

[497]  Thomas E. Cravens,et al.  Energetic ion precipitation at Titan , 2008 .

[498]  F. Leblanc,et al.  Martian dayglow as seen by the SPICAM UV spectrograph on Mars Express , 2006 .

[499]  Andrew J. Coates,et al.  Distant ionospheric photoelectron energy peak observations at Venus , 2015 .

[500]  Maxim L. Khodachenko,et al.  Processes that Promote and Deplete the Exosphere of Mercury , 2007 .

[501]  T. Bida,et al.  Discovery of the atomic oxygen green line in the Venus night airglow. , 2001, Science.

[502]  Henrik Melin,et al.  The distribution of atomic hydrogen and oxygen in the magnetosphere of Saturn , 2009 .

[503]  N. Krupp,et al.  JOSE: A New Jovian Specification Environment Model , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[504]  V. I. Shematovicha,et al.  Surface-bounded atmosphere of Europa , 2005 .

[505]  Bernard V. Jackson,et al.  Evidence for space weather at Mercury , 2001 .

[506]  Cesare Barbieri,et al.  High latitude peaks in Mercury's sodium exosphere: Spectral signature using THEMIS solar telescope , 2008 .

[507]  David J. Southwood,et al.  A new perspective concerning the influence of the solar wind on the Jovian magnetosphere , 2001 .

[508]  Travis W. Hill,et al.  The magnetosphere of Uranus - Plasma sources, convection, and field configuration , 1983 .

[509]  John E. Nealy,et al.  Mars surface radiation exposure for solar maximum conditions and 1989 solar proton events , 1992 .

[510]  G. Chanteur,et al.  A global hybrid model for Mercury's interaction with the solar wind: Case study of the dipole representation , 2012 .

[511]  J. H. Waite,et al.  Thermal profiles in the auroral regions of Jupiter , 1993 .

[512]  David J. Southwood,et al.  The source of Saturn's periodic radio emission , 2009 .

[513]  C. Jones,et al.  Planetary Magnetic Fields and Fluid Dynamos , 2011 .

[514]  Panayotis Lavvas,et al.  Diurnal variations of Titan's ionosphere , 2009 .

[515]  Adam Masters,et al.  Magnetic reconnection at Uranus' magnetopause , 2014 .

[516]  J. E. Richards,et al.  The Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) Investigation , 2004 .

[517]  R. H. Brown,et al.  Dynamic auroral storms on Saturn as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope , 2014, Geophysical research letters.

[518]  Anna Milillo,et al.  The role of sputtering and radiolysis in the generation of Europa exosphere , 2012 .

[519]  William D. Collins,et al.  CLARREO shortwave observing system simulation experiments of the twenty‐first century: Simulator design and implementation , 2011 .

[520]  Lev I. Dorman,et al.  Cosmic Rays in Magnetospheres of the Earth and other Planets , 2009 .

[521]  Michelle F. Thomsen,et al.  Detection of exospheric O2+ at Saturn's moon Dione , 2012, Geophysical Research Letters.

[522]  J. Blamont,et al.  Ultraviolet Spectrometer Observations of Neptune and Triton , 1989, Science.

[523]  M. Dryer,et al.  Propagation of an interplanetary shock along the heliospheric plasma sheet , 1996 .

[524]  Krishan K. Khurana,et al.  Reconnection and flows in the Jovian magnetotail as inferred from magnetometer observations , 2008 .

[525]  R. E. Johnson,et al.  Mars solar wind interaction: Formation of the Martian corona and atmospheric loss to space , 2007 .

[526]  B. Mauk,et al.  Comparative investigation of the energetic ion spectra comprising the magnetospheric ring currents of the solar system , 2014, Journal of geophysical research. Space physics.

[527]  Anna Milillo,et al.  THEMIS Na exosphere observations of Mercury and their correlation with in-situ magnetic field measurements by MESSENGER , 2015 .

[528]  Helmut Lammer,et al.  Self-consistent modelling of Mercury's exosphere by sputtering, micro- meteorite impact and photon-stimulated desorption , 2010 .

[529]  Peter A. Delamere,et al.  Magnetotail structure of the giant magnetospheres: Implications of the viscous interaction with the solar wind , 2013 .

[530]  D. J. Southwood,et al.  Discovery of Ganymede's magnetic field by the Galileo spacecraft , 1996, Nature.

[531]  R. Clark,et al.  Spectra of the icy Galilean satellites from 0.2 to 5μm: A compilation, new observations, and a recent summary , 1995 .

[532]  Emma J. Bunce,et al.  Variable morphology of Saturn's southern ultraviolet aurora , 2005 .

[533]  Christopher T. Russell,et al.  Space weather at Venus and its potential consequences for atmosphere evolution , 2007 .

[534]  Jane L. Fox,et al.  Structure, luminosity, and dynamics of the Venus thermosphere , 1991 .

[535]  Alan D. Aylward,et al.  Giant Planet Ionospheres and Thermospheres: The Importance of Ion-Neutral Coupling , 2005 .

[536]  A. Ridley,et al.  Mars Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model: Solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal variations of the Mars upper atmosphere , 2015 .

[537]  G.A. Landis,et al.  Causes of Power-Related Satellite Failures , 2006, 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conference.

[538]  R. S. Selesnick,et al.  Micro- and macro- signatures of energetic charged particles in planetary magnetospheres , 1993 .

[539]  Philippe Zarka,et al.  On the character and distribution of lower-frequency radio emissions at Saturn and their relationship to substorm-like events , 2009 .

[540]  Robert W. Schunk,et al.  Ionospheres : physics, plasma physics, and chemistry , 2000 .

[541]  Denis Grodent,et al.  Characteristics of Saturn's FUV aurora observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph , 2004 .

[542]  R E Johnson,et al.  Cassini Finds an Oxygen–Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere at Saturn’s Icy Moon Rhea , 2010, Science.

[543]  C. Russell,et al.  The science case for an orbital mission to Uranus: exploring the origins and evolution of ice giant planets , 2014 .

[544]  D. Shemansky,et al.  The Saturn hydrogen plume , 2009 .

[545]  M. W. Evans,et al.  Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft , 2005, Nature.

[546]  Adrian Grocott,et al.  Formation and motion of a transpolar arc in response to dayside and nightside reconnection , 2005 .

[547]  A. V. Blinov,et al.  Sterilization of Martian surface by cosmic radiation , 2002 .

[548]  D. G. Mitchell,et al.  Energetic neutral atoms from a trans-Europa gas torus at Jupiter , 2003, Nature.

[549]  N. Krupp,et al.  Processes forming and sustaining Saturns proton radiation belts , 2013 .

[550]  Franck Lefèvre,et al.  New nitric oxide (NO) nightglow measurements with SPICAM/MEx as a tracer of Mars upper atmosphere circulation and comparison with LMD‐MGCM model prediction: Evidence for asymmetric hemispheres , 2013 .

[551]  R. Clark,et al.  The surface composition of Iapetus: Mapping results from Cassini VIMS , 2012 .

[552]  S. Solomon,et al.  Solar wind forcing at Mercury: WSA‐ENLIL model results , 2011 .

[553]  Donald A. Gurnett,et al.  Emission and propagation of Saturn kilometric radiation: magneto-ionic modes, beaming pattern and polarization state , 2011 .

[554]  R. Hartle,et al.  Ion/neutral Escape of Hydrogen and Deuterium: Evolution of Water , 1997 .

[555]  Philippe Zarka,et al.  Earth‐based detection of Uranus' aurorae , 2012 .

[556]  P. Coll,et al.  Radiolysis and Photolysis of Icy Satellite Surfaces: Experiments and Theory , 2010 .

[557]  R. Carlson,et al.  A tenuous carbon dioxide atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Callisto. , 1999, Science.

[558]  Paul D. Feldman,et al.  HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE/ADVANCED CAMERA FOR SURVEYS OBSERVATIONS OF EUROPA'S ATMOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION AT EASTERN ELONGATION , 2011 .

[559]  Ness,et al.  Global distribution of crustal magnetization discovered by the mars global surveyor MAG/ER experiment , 1999, Science.

[560]  James A. Slavin,et al.  Solar wind flow about the terrestrial planets 1. Modeling bow shock position and shape , 1981 .