Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of magnesium (Mg) alloys

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Mg alloys is intergranular (IGSCC) or transgranular (TGSCC). A continuous or nearly continuous second phase, typically along grain boundaries, causes IGSCC by micro-galvanic corrosion of the adjacent Mg matrix. IGSCC is expected in all such alloys, typical of most creep resistant alloys, because each known second phase has a more positive corrosion potential than the matrix α-Mg; the degree of severity depends on the electrochemical properties of the second phase; these electrochemical properties need to be studied. Nearly continuous second phases can be avoided by Mg alloy design. TGSCC is most likely caused by an interaction of hydrogen (H) with the microstructure. A study of H-trap interactions is needed to understand this damage mechanism, and to design alloys resistant to TGSCC. Understanding is urgently needed if wrought alloys are to be used safely in service, because prior research indicates that many Mg alloys have a threshold stress for SCC of about half the yield stress in common environments including high-purity water.

[1]  A. Atrens,et al.  Stress Corrosion Cracking of Magnesium Alloys , 2011 .

[2]  A. Atrens,et al.  An innovative specimen configuration for the study of Mg corrosion , 2011 .

[3]  G. Song,et al.  The surface, microstructure and corrosion of magnesium alloy AZ31 sheet , 2010 .

[4]  M. Störmer,et al.  Magnesium alloys as implant materials--principles of property design for Mg-RE alloys. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[5]  P. Uggowitzer,et al.  On the in vitro and in vivo degradation performance and biological response of new biodegradable Mg-Y-Zn alloys. , 2010, Acta biomaterialia.

[6]  S. Ramamurthy,et al.  The influence of applied stress rate on the stress corrosion cracking of 4340 and 3.5NiCrMoV steels in distilled water at 30 C , 2010 .

[7]  E. Han,et al.  Influence of microstructure on tensile properties and fatigue crack growth in extruded magnesium alloy AM60 , 2010 .

[8]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Measurement of the corrosion rate of magnesium alloys using Tafel extrapolation , 2010 .

[9]  W. Dietzel,et al.  Testing and mesoscale modelling of hydrogen assisted cracking of magnesium , 2010 .

[10]  P. Uggowitzer,et al.  MgZnCa glasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution for biodegradable implants. , 2009, Nature materials.

[11]  P. Xu,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking of gas-tungsten arc welds in continuous-cast AZ31 Mg alloy sheet , 2009 .

[12]  G. Song.  Effect of tin modification on corrosion of AM70 magnesium alloy , 2009 .

[13]  G. Song,et al.  ToF-SIMS depth profile of the surface film on pure magnesium formed by immersion in pure water and the identification of magnesium hydride , 2009 .

[14]  S. Riekehr,et al.  Slow strain rate stress corrosion cracking behaviour of as-welded and plasma electrolytic oxidation treated AZ31HP magnesium alloy autogenous laser beam weldment , 2009 .

[15]  M. Schlesinger,et al.  Corrosion of magnesium and its alloys , 2009 .

[16]  E. Han,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking behaviors of AZ91 magnesium alloy in deicer solutions using constant load , 2009 .

[17]  Zhao Zhang,et al.  Effect of rare earth element Ce and La on corrosion behavior of AM60 magnesium alloy , 2009 .

[18]  Ying-hong Peng,et al.  Influence of heat treatment and microstructure on the corrosion of magnesium alloy Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr , 2009 .

[19]  G. Song,et al.  An exploratory study of the corrosion of Mg alloys during interrupted salt spray testing , 2009 .

[20]  Hermann Riedel,et al.  Modeling the evolution of texture and grain shape in Mg alloy AZ31 using the crystal plasticity finite element method , 2009 .

[21]  G. Song,et al.  A first quantitative XPS study of the surface films formed, by exposure to water, on Mg and on the Mg–Al intermetallics: Al3Mg2 and Mg17Al12 , 2009 .

[22]  W. Dietzel,et al.  A study on the effect of plasma electrolytic oxidation on the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of a wrought AZ61 magnesium alloy and its friction stir weldment , 2009 .

[23]  M. Gibson,et al.  On the corrosion of binary magnesium-rare earth alloys , 2009 .

[24]  M. Liu,et al.  Calculated phase diagrams and the corrosion of die-cast Mg–Al alloys , 2009 .

[25]  C. Hutchinson,et al.  Corrosion of magnesium alloy ZE41 : The role of microstructural features , 2009 .

[26]  C. Cross,et al.  On the Role of β Particles in Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mg-Al Alloys , 2009 .

[27]  N. Aung,et al.  Effect of antimony, bismuth and calcium addition on corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of AZ91 magnesium alloy , 2009 .

[28]  E. Han,et al.  Effect of magnesium hydride on the corrosion behavior of an AZ91 magnesium alloy in sodium chloride solution , 2008 .

[29]  M. Liu,et al.  Influence of pH and chloride ion concentration on the corrosion of Mg alloy ZE41 , 2008 .

[30]  W. Dietzel,et al.  Effect of plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment on the corrosion and stress corrosion cracking behaviour of AM50 magnesium alloy , 2008 .

[31]  M. Gupta,et al.  Corrosion behaviour of Mg-Cu and Mg-Mo composites in 3.5% NaCl , 2008 .

[32]  J. Meng,et al.  Microstructures, tensile properties and corrosion behavior of die-cast Mg–4Al-based alloys containing La and/or Ce , 2008 .

[33]  Ke Yang,et al.  Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion properties of Mg–Zn–Y alloys with low Zn content , 2008 .

[34]  E. Han,et al.  Effect of hydrogen on stress corrosion cracking of magnesium alloy in 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution , 2008 .

[35]  G. Song,et al.  Characterisation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Mg-Al alloys , 2008 .

[36]  W. Dietzel,et al.  Effect of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on the stress corrosion cracking behaviour of wrought AZ61 magnesium alloy , 2008 .

[37]  E. Aghion,et al.  Stress Corrosion Cracking of Nano/Sub‐micron E906 Magnesium Alloy , 2008 .

[38]  W. Dietzel,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking behaviour of a surface-modified magnesium alloy , 2008 .

[39]  Geraint Williams,et al.  Localized Corrosion of Magnesium in Chloride-Containing Electrolyte Studied by a Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique , 2008 .

[40]  M. Liu,et al.  Influence of the β-phase morphology on the corrosion of the Mg alloy AZ91 , 2008 .

[41]  A. Atrens,et al.  Corrosion of AZ91 in 1N NaCl and the Mechanism of Magnesium Corrosion , 2008 .

[42]  L. Wagner,et al.  The relation between microstructure and corrosion behavior of AZ80 Mg alloy following different extrusion temperatures , 2008 .

[43]  A. Atrens,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking of rare-earth containing magnesium alloys ZE41, QE22 and Elektron 21 (EV31A) compared with AZ80 , 2008 .

[44]  C. Leygraf,et al.  Atmospheric corrosion of field exposed magnesium alloy AZ91D , 2008 .

[45]  G. Song,et al.  Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in Mg‐Al Alloys Studied using Compact Specimens , 2008 .

[46]  D. Eliezer,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking of new Mg–Zn–Mn wrought alloys containing Si , 2008 .

[47]  E. Han,et al.  States and transport of hydrogen in the corrosion process of an AZ91 magnesium alloy in aqueous solution , 2008 .

[48]  R. Raman,et al.  In vitro degradation and mechanical integrity of calcium-containing magnesium alloys in modified-simulated body fluid. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[49]  G. Song,et al.  Fractography of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mg-Al Alloys , 2008 .

[50]  G. Song,et al.  The effect of crystallographic orientation on the active corrosion of pure magnesium , 2008 .

[51]  G. Song,et al.  Influence of Homogenization Annealing of AZ91 on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior , 2008 .

[52]  G. Song,et al.  Influence of Microstructure on Corrosion of As‐cast ZE41 , 2008 .

[53]  Guohua Wu,et al.  Electrochemical behavior of magnesium alloys AZ91D, AZCe2, and AZLa1 in chloride and sulfate solutions , 2008 .

[54]  P. Fu,et al.  Comparison of the corrosion behaviour in 5% NaCl solution of Mg alloys NZ30K and AZ91D , 2008 .

[55]  G. Song,et al.  Comparison of the linearly increasing stress test and the constant extension rate test in the evaluation of transgranular stress corrosion cracking of magnesium , 2008 .

[56]  G. Song,et al.  Magnesium stress corrosion cracking , 2007 .

[57]  W. Dietzel,et al.  Hydrogen-induced-cracking in magnesium alloy under cathodic polarization , 2007 .

[58]  G. Song,et al.  Evaluation of the delayed hydride cracking mechanism for transgranular stress corrosion cracking of magnesium alloys , 2007 .

[59]  J. F. Santos,et al.  A study on the SCC susceptibility of friction stir welded AZ31 Mg sheet , 2007 .

[60]  A. Atrens,et al.  The Negative Difference Effect and Unipositive Mg+ , 2007 .

[61]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Recent Insights into the Mechanism of Magnesium Corrosion and Research Suggestions , 2007 .

[62]  W. Ding,et al.  Effect of heat treatment on corrosion and electrochemical behaviour of Mg–3Nd–0.2Zn–0.4Zr (wt.%) alloy , 2007 .

[63]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Experimental Measurement and Computer Simulation of Galvanic Corrosion of Magnesium Coupled to Steel , 2007 .

[64]  S. Riekehr,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking behavior of Nd:YAG laser butt welded AZ31 Mg sheet , 2007 .

[65]  G. Song,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking of magnesium , 2007 .

[66]  G. Song,et al.  The corrosion performance of anodised magnesium alloys , 2006 .

[67]  G. Song,et al.  Corrosion resistance of anodised single-phase Mg alloys , 2006 .

[68]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Influence of geometry on galvanic corrosion of AZ91D coupled to steel , 2006 .

[69]  G. Song,et al.  Influence of anodising current on the corrosion resistance of anodised AZ91D magnesium alloy , 2006 .

[70]  A. Atrens,et al.  Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Diffusion in Magnesium , 2006 .

[71]  Alexis M Pietak,et al.  Magnesium and its alloys as orthopedic biomaterials: a review. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[72]  Xinjin Cao,et al.  A review of laser welding techniques for magnesium alloys , 2006 .

[73]  T. Palstra,et al.  Encyclopedia of Materials , 2006 .

[74]  K. Stiller,et al.  Atom probe field ion microscope measurements of carbon segregation at an alpha :alpha grain boundary and service failures by intergranular stress corrosion cracking , 2006 .

[75]  F. Gan,et al.  Improvement of corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy by holmium addition , 2006 .

[76]  Xiang Gao,et al.  Enhanced age hardening response and creep resistance of Mg-Gd alloys containing Zn , 2005 .

[77]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Influence of the β phase on the corrosion performance of anodised coatings on magnesium-aluminium alloys , 2005 .

[78]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  A Critical Review of the Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) of Magnesium Alloys , 2005 .

[79]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Simulation of galvanic corrosion of magnesium coupled to a steel fastener in NaCl solution , 2005 .

[80]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  A study on stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement of AZ31 magnesium alloy , 2005 .

[81]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Material influence on the stress corrosion cracking of rock bolts , 2005 .

[82]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Boundary element method predictions of the influence of the electrolyte on the galvanic corrosion of AZ91D coupled to steel , 2005 .

[83]  T. Marrow,et al.  Environment-assisted cracking of cast WE43-T6 magnesium , 2004 .

[84]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy , 2004 .

[85]  A. G. Varias,et al.  Simulation of hydride-induced steady-state crack growth in metals – Part II: general near tip field , 2004 .

[86]  A. G. Varias,et al.  Simulation of hydride-induced steady-state crack growth in metals – Part I: growth near hydrogen chemical equilibrium , 2004 .

[87]  A. Atrens.  Research Directions in Magnesium Corrosion Arising from the Wolfsburg Conference , 2004 .

[88]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Analysis of service stress corrosion cracking in a natural gas transmission pipeline, active or dormant? , 2004 .

[89]  G. Song,et al.  Understanding Magnesium Corrosion—A Framework for Improved Alloy Performance , 2003 .

[90]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  SCC initiation for X65 pipeline steel in the "high" pH carbonate/bicarbonate solution , 2003 .

[91]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Environmental influence on the stress corrosion cracking of rock bolts , 2003 .

[92]  Rongming Wang,et al.  An investigation on the microstructure of an AM50 magnesium alloy , 2003 .

[93]  C. Tomé,et al.  Study of slip mechanisms in a magnesium alloy by neutron diffraction and modeling , 2003 .

[94]  R. P. Gangloff,et al.  6.02 – Hydrogen-assisted Cracking , 2003 .

[95]  S. Mathieu,et al.  Corrosion behaviour of high pressure die-cast and semi-solid cast AZ91D alloys , 2002 .

[96]  A. Massih,et al.  Hydride-induced embrittlement and fracture in metals—effect of stress and temperature distribution , 2002 .

[97]  G. Kohn,et al.  Electron beam welding of magnesium AZ91D plates , 2000 .

[98]  C. Nishimura,et al.  Hydrogen permeation through magnesium , 1999 .

[99]  G. Song,et al.  Corrosion mechanisms of magnesium alloys , 1999 .

[100]  Andrej Atrens,et al.  Measurement of grain boundary composition for X52 pipeline steel , 1998 .

[101]  G. Song,et al.  Corrosion behaviour of AZ21, AZ501 and AZ91 in sodium chloride , 1998 .

[102]  M. Dargusch,et al.  Influence of microstructure on the corrosion of diecast AZ91D , 1998 .

[103]  A. Atrens,et al.  Stress corrosion crack propagation in AerMet 100 , 1998 .

[104]  G. Song,et al.  The anodic dissolution of magnesium in chloride and sulphate solutions , 1997 .

[105]  D. StJohn,et al.  The electrochemical corrosion of pure magnesium in 1 N NaCl , 1997 .

[106]  K. Nisancioglu,et al.  Morphology and Structure of Water‐Formed Oxides on Ternary MgAl Alloys , 1997 .

[107]  A. Atrens,et al.  Environmental assisted fracture for 4340 steel in water and air of various humidities , 1997 .

[108]  C. Sanchez,et al.  Elevated temperature behaviour of rapidly solidified magnesium alloys containing rare earths , 1996 .

[109]  A. Atrens,et al.  Initiation of stress corrosion cracking for pipeline steels in a carbonate-bicarbonate solution , 1996 .

[110]  A. Atrens,et al.  The initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracking in AISI 4340 and 3.5 NiCrMoV rotor steel in constant load tests , 1996 .

[111]  Petros Athanasios Sofronis,et al.  Modeling of hydrogen transport and elastically accommodated hydride formation near a crack tip , 1996 .

[112]  A. Atrens,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking , 1995 .

[113]  A. Atrens,et al.  Room-Temperature Creep of High-Strength Steels , 1994 .

[114]  S. Ramamurthy,et al.  Linearly increasing stress test (LIST) for SCC research , 1993 .

[115]  S. Ramamurthy,et al.  The stress corrosion cracking of as-quenched 4340 and 3.5NiCrMoV steels under stress rate control in distilled water at 90°C , 1993 .

[116]  J. Kruger,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking of rapidly solidified magnesium-aluminum alloys , 1993 .

[117]  A. Atrens,et al.  ESCA studies of Fe-Ti alloys , 1992 .

[118]  A. Atrens,et al.  ESCA studies of nitrogen-containing stainless steels , 1990 .

[119]  M. Hotta,et al.  Arc welding of magnesium casting alloy AM60 , 1990 .

[120]  A. Atrens,et al.  The role of crack tip strain rate in the stress corrosion cracking of high strength steels in water , 1989 .

[121]  R. McMeeking,et al.  Numerical analysis of hydrogen transport near a blunting crack tip , 1989 .

[122]  F. Froes,et al.  Corrosion behavior of rapidly solidified MgNd and MgY alloys , 1988 .

[123]  S. Lynch,et al.  Stress Corrosion Cracking and Liquid Metal Embrittlement in Pure Magnesium , 1988 .

[124]  R. N. Parkins,et al.  The influence of chloride-chromate solution composition on the stress corrosion cracking of a MgAl alloy , 1988 .

[125]  W. Miller.  Stress Corrosion Cracking of Magnesium Die Casting Alloys , 1988 .

[126]  A. Atrens,et al.  ESCA-studies of the structure and composition of the passive film formed on stainless steels by various immersion times in 0.1 M NaCl solution , 1987 .

[127]  A. Atrens,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement of cold worked AISI type 304 austenitic stainless steel in mode I and mode III , 1986 .

[128]  V. Marichev,et al.  Influence of electrochemical polarization on crack growth in corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue of magnesium alloys , 1986 .

[129]  A. Atrens,et al.  Corrosion of stainless steels in chloride solution: An XPS investigation of passive films , 1985 .

[130]  V. Ashworth,et al.  Environmentally-induced cracking of magnesium , 1984 .

[131]  E. Meletis,et al.  CRYSTALLOGRAPHY OF STRESS CORROSION CRACKING IN PURE MAGNESIUM. , 1984 .

[132]  A. Atrens,et al.  Corrosion of Rust-Free Steels - An Xps Study of Passive Films , 1984 .

[133]  J. Allison,et al.  Subsurface crack initiation in high cycle fatigue in Ti6A14V and in a typical martensitic stainless steel , 1983 .

[134]  T. Schober.  The magnesium-hydrogen system: Transmission electron microscopy , 1981 .

[135]  A. Atrens,et al.  Electrochemical studies of hydrogen diffusion and permeability in Ni , 1980 .

[136]  A. Atrens,et al.  A metallographic study of the terminal solubility of hydrogen in zirconium at low hydrogen concentrations , 1980 .

[137]  C. Shastry,et al.  An investigation of Stress corrosion cracking in MgAZ61 alloy in 3.5% NaCl + 2% K2CrO4 aqueous solution at room temperature , 1979 .

[138]  L. A. Simpson,et al.  Mechanisms of hydrogen induced delayed cracking in hydride forming materials , 1977 .

[139]  I. Ritchie,et al.  The diffusion of oxygen in alpha-zirconium , 1977 .

[140]  E. N. Pugh,et al.  Hydrogen embrittlement in a Mg-Al alloy , 1976 .

[141]  E. N. Pugh,et al.  On the Fractography of Transgranular Stress Corrosion Failures in a Mg-Al Alloy , 1975 .

[142]  E. N. Pugh,et al.  The transgranular SCC of a Mg-Al alloy: Crystallographic, fractographic and acoustic-emission studies , 1975 .

[143]  M. Pourbaix.  Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions , 1974 .

[144]  H. P. Van Leeuwen,et al.  The kinetics of hydrogen embrittlement: A quantitative diffusion model , 1974 .

[145]  R. N. Parkins,et al.  Role of Stress in the Stress Corrosion Cracking of a Mg-Al Alloy , 1973 .

[146]  D. Tromans,et al.  Transgranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Solution Treated and Qeenched Mg-8.6 Al Alloy , 1971 .

[147]  L. Fairman,et al.  Intergranular Stress-Corrosion Crack Propagation in Magnesium Aluminium Alloys , 1971 .

[148]  L. Fairman,et al.  Transgranular see in Mg-Al alloys , 1971 .

[149]  H. W. Liu.  Stress-Corrosion Cracking and the Interaction Between Crack-Tip Stress Field and Solute Atoms , 1970 .

[150]  R. P. Frankenthal.  The inhibition of pitting and stress-corrosion cracking of Mg-Al alloys by NO3− , 1967 .

[151]  J. M. West,et al.  Stress corrosion cracking of a magnesium aluminium alloy , 1965 .

[152]  P. Swann,et al.  Electron Metallography of Chemical Attack Upon Some Alloys Susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking , 1963 .

[153]  I. I. Levin.  Intercrystalline corrosion and corrosion of metals under stress , 1963 .

[154]  H. Logan.  Mechanism of stress-corrosion cracking in the az31b magnesium alloy , 1958 .

[155]  H. Logan.  Film-Rupture Mechanism of Stress Corrosion , 1952 .

[156]  E. Perryman.  Stress-corrosion of magnesium alloys , 1951 .

[157]  A. B. Parsons,et al.  Symposium on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Metals , 1945 .

[158]  W. Loose,et al.  Stress-Corrosion Testing of Magnesium Alloys , 1945 .