Early hematologic changes during prostate cancer radiotherapy predictive for late urinary and bowel toxicity

BackgroundThe primary objective of the study was to identify early hematologic changes predictive for radiotherapy (RT)-associated genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity.MethodsIn a group of 91 prostate cancer patients presenting for primary (n = 51) or postoperative (n = 40) curative RT, blood samples (blood count, acute phase proteins, and cytokines) were analyzed before (T1), three times during (T2–T4), and 6–8 weeks after (T5) radiotherapy. Before RT (baseline), on the last day (acute toxicity), a median of 2 months and 16 months (late toxicity) after RT, patients responded to a validated questionnaire (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite). Acute score changes > 20 points and late changes > 10 points were considered clinically relevant.ResultsRadiotherapy resulted in significant changes of hematologic parameters, with the largest effect on lymphocytes (mean decrease of 31–45 %) and significant dependence on target volume. C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation > 5 mg/l and hemoglobin level decrease ≥ 5 G/1 at T2 were found to be independently predictive for acute urinary toxicity (p < 0.01, respectively). CRP elevation was predominantly detected in primary prostate RT (p = 0.02). Early lymphocyte level elevation ≥ 0.3G/l at T2 was protective against late urinary and bowel toxicity (p = 0.02, respectively). Other significant predictive factors for late bowel toxicity were decreasing hemoglobin levels (cut-off ≥ 5 G/l) at T2 (p = 0.04); changes of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor; p = 0.03) and ferritin levels (p = 0.02) at T5. All patients with late bowel toxicity had interleukin (IL)-6 levels < 1.5 ng/l at T2 (63 % without; p = 0.01).ConclusionEarly hematologic changes during prostate cancer radiotherapy are predictive for late urinary and bowel toxicity.ZusammenfassungHintergrundDas primäre Ziel der Studie war die Identifikation von frühen hämatologischen Veränderungen mit prädiktiver Bedeutung für radiotherapieassoziierte genitourinale und gastrointestinale Toxizität.MethodenIn einer Gruppe von 91 Patienten mit einem Prostatakarzinom, die sich zur primären (n = 51) oder postoperativen (n = 40) Radiotherapie (RT) vorgestellt haben, wurden Blutproben (Blutbild, Akute-Phase-Proteine und Zytokine) vor (T1), dreimal während (T2–T4) und 6–8 Wochen nach RT (T5) untersucht. Vor RT (Ausgangsbefund), am letzten Tag (akute Toxizität), median 2 Monate und 16 Monate (Spättoxizität) nach RT haben die Patienten einen validierten Fragebogen beantwortet (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite). Akute Scoreänderungen > 20 Punkte und späte Änderungen > 10 Punkte wurden als klinisch relevant bewertet.ErgebnisseDie Radiotherapie führte zu signifikanten Veränderungen der hämatologischen Parameter, mit dem größten Effekt auf Lymphozyten (mittlerer Abfall von 31–45 %) und signifikanter Abhängigkeit vom Zielvolumen. Eine Erhöhung des C-reaktiven Proteins (CRP) auf > 5 mg/l und ein Hämoglobinabfall ≥ 5 G/l zum Zeitpunkt T2 waren unabhängig prädiktiv für akute Miktionsbeschwerden (jeweils p < 0,01). Eine CRP-Erhöhung fand sich vorwiegend bei primärer RT der Prostata (p = 0,02). Ein früher Lymphozytenanstieg ≥ 0,3G/l bei T2 war protektiv gegen späte Miktions- und Darmbeschwerden (jeweils p = 0,02). Weitere signifikante prädiktive Faktoren für späte Darmbeschwerden waren abfallende Hämoglobinwerte (Grenzwert ≥ 5 G/l) bei T2 (p = 0,04); Veränderungen der TNFα- (Tumornekrosefaktor; p = 0,03) und Ferritinspiegel (p = 0,02) bei T5. Alle Patienten mit späten Darmbeschwerden hatten Interleukin-(IL-)6-Werte < 1,5 ng/l bei T2 (vs. 63 % ohne Darmbeschwerden; p = 0,01).SchlussfolgerungFrühe hämatologische Veränderungen während der Radiotherapie beim Prostatakarzinom sind prädiktiv für späte Miktions- und Darmbeschwerden.

[1]  M Bolla,et al.  EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. , 2001, European urology.

[2]  Cynthia Ménard,et al.  Longitudinal Cytokine Expression during IMRT for Prostate Cancer and Acute Treatment Toxicity , 2009, Clinical Cancer Research.

[3]  U. Grouven,et al.  Permanent interstitial low-dose-rate brachytherapy for patients with localised prostate cancer: a systematic review of randomised and nonrandomised controlled clinical trials. , 2011, European urology.

[4]  N. Willich,et al.  Phase III postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy compared with radical prostatectomy alone in pT3 prostate cancer with postoperative undetectable prostate-specific antigen: ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95. , 2009, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[5]  Thomas Wiegel,et al.  EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and treatment of clinically localised disease. , 2011, European urology.

[6]  H M Sandler,et al.  Development and validation of the expanded prostate cancer index composite (EPIC) for comprehensive assessment of health-related quality of life in men with prostate cancer. , 2000, Urology.

[7]  Xin Gao,et al.  Prospective comparison of five mediators of the systemic response after high‐intensity focused ultrasound and targeted cryoablation for localized prostate cancer , 2009, BJU international.

[8]  P. Lara,et al.  Prediction of normal tissue toxicity as part of the individualized treatment with radiotherapy in oncology patients. , 2012, Surgical oncology.

[9]  K. Shin,et al.  Radical prostatectomy versus external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer , 2014, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[10]  S. Bank,et al.  Mucosal cytokine production in radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis compared with inflammatory bowel disease. , 2000 .

[11]  C. Gwede,et al.  Effect of fractionated regional external beam radiotherapy on peripheral blood cell count. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[12]  M. de Groot,et al.  The impact of gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity on health related quality of life among irradiated prostate cancer patients. , 2014, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[13]  L. Collette,et al.  Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: long-term results of a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911) , 2012, The Lancet.

[14]  F. Mottaghy,et al.  Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer Implementing Molecular Imaging with 18F-Choline PET-CT to Define a Simultaneous Integrated Boost , 2010, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[15]  S. Taysı,et al.  Levels of some acute-phase proteins in the serum of patients with cancer during radiotherapy. , 2003, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[16]  Application of a hydrogel spacer for postoperative salvage radiotherapy of prostate cancer , 2015, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[17]  F. Mottaghy,et al.  PET and PET/CT in radiation treatment planning for prostate cancer , 2011, Expert review of anticancer therapy.

[18]  F. Callera,et al.  Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients: rise in interleukin 6 (IL-6) but not IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, tumor necrosis factor-α, MIP-1-α, and LIF levels. , 2012, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[19]  S. Laurberg,et al.  Development and validation of a scoring system for late anorectal side-effects in patients treated with radiotherapy for prostate cancer. , 2014, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[20]  G. Kao,et al.  The utility of serial complete blood count monitoring in patients receiving radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. , 1999, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[21]  M. Eble,et al.  Hematologic changes during prostate cancer radiation therapy are dependent on the treatment volume. , 2014, Future oncology.

[22]  D. Osoba,et al.  Interpreting the significance of changes in health-related quality-of-life scores. , 1998, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[23]  L. Budäus,et al.  Functional outcomes and complications following radiation therapy for prostate cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. , 2012, European urology.

[24]  Michael Pinkawa,et al.  Consequential late effects after radiotherapy for prostate cancer - a prospective longitudinal quality of life study , 2010, Radiation oncology.

[25]  H. Christiansen,et al.  Increase of hepcidin plasma and urine levels is associated with acute proctitis and changes in hemoglobin levels in primary radiotherapy for prostate cancer , 2007, Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.

[26]  C. Lawton Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Pathological T3N0M0 Prostate Cancer Significantly Reduces Risk of Metastases and Improves Survival: Long-Term Followup of a Randomized Clinical Trial , 2010 .

[27]  T. Wiegel,et al.  Salvage radiotherapy in patients with prostate cancer and biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy , 2014, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[28]  T. Wiegel,et al.  Salvage Radiotherapy in Patients with Prostate Cancer and Biochemical Relapse after Radical Prostatectomy: Long-term Follow-up of a Single Center Survey , 2010 .