European guideline for the management of urethritis

In men, a urethral discharge is characteristic of urethritis. However, physiological urethral discharge can occur in men, while urethritis can be present without an observable discharge. Men with urethritis may have symptoms of dysuria and/or irritation at the tip of the penis. More importantly some patients with an observable discharge will be unaware of it. While the diagnosis of urethritis should be con® rmed by demonstrating an excess of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) in the anterior urethra (through the use of urethral smears or ® rst pass urine specimens (FPU)) this may not always be possible. Urethritis is described as either gonococcal, when Neisseria gonorrhoeae is detected, or nongonococcal (NGU) when its is not. With the advent of chlamydial testing it has become apparent that a substantial proportion of NGU cases were due to this organism (chlamydial urethritis). Those cases in which neither chlamydia nor gonorrhoea are found are referred to as non-gonococcal, nonchlamydial urethritis or more succinctly as nonspeci® c urethritis (NSU).

[1]  A. Stary.  European guideline for the management of chlamydial infection , 2001, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[2]  C. Bignell.  European guideline for the management of gonorrhoea , 2001, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[3]  J. Sherrard.  European guideline for the management of vaginal discharge , 2001, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[4]  D. Fleming,et al.  From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. , 1999, Sexually transmitted infections.

[5]  D. Levy,et al.  Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks--United States, 1995-1996. , 1998, MMWR. CDC surveillance summaries : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. CDC surveillance summaries.

[6]  T. Hooton,et al.  Etiology of nongonococcal nonchlamydial urethritis. , 1998, Dermatologic clinics.

[7]  E. Hook,et al.  Comparison of single-dose oral grepafloxacin with cefixime for treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in men. The STD Study Group , 1997, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[8]  R. Hayes,et al.  Asymptomatic gonorrhoea and chlamydial infection in rural Tanzanian men , 1996, BMJ.

[9]  A. Blackwell,et al.  Morbidity in male partners of women who have chlamydial infection before termination of pregnancy , 1994, The Lancet.

[10]  K. Holmes,et al.  Clinical Manifestations of Trichomoniasis in Men , 1993, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[11]  R. Sanson-Fisher,et al.  Factors affecting nonadherence with antibiotics. , 1992, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[12]  E. Wong,et al.  Erythromycin for persistent or recurrent nongonococcal urethritis. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. , 1990, Annals of internal medicine.

[13]  E. Wong,et al.  Clinical and microbiological features of persistent or recurrent nongonococcal urethritis in men. , 1988, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[14]  K. Holmes,et al.  Evaluation of chronic urethritis. Defining the role for endoscopic procedures. , 1988, Archives of internal medicine.

[15]  W. J. Brown,et al.  Diagnosis and etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. , 1978, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[16]  E. Henderson,et al.  Non-gonococcal urethritis due to T-mycoplasma (Ureaplasma urealyticum) serotype 2 in a conjugal sexual partnership. , 1976, The British journal of venereal diseases.

[17]  N. F. Jacobs,et al.  Gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis in men. Clinical and laboratory differentiation. , 1975, Annals of internal medicine.