EFFECTS OF WINTER ROAD MAINTENANCE. STATE OF THE ART

The study constitutes the basis for the model to be used as a guideline for determining winter road standards within the framework of the public economy. Winter speeds vary widely, but can be estimated for passenger cars as 75-90% of those on bare roads. For constant stopping distance, speed should be halved. Speed reduction is determined more by the appearance of the road than by friction/road traction. Precipitation entails greater reduction than slippery road surface alone. Accident rates on winter roads vary. Studies based upon observation of road conditions and traffic measurements show increased risk on icy/snowy roads. The more unusual these conditions, the greater the risk. Aggregated studies do not support the presumption of increased risk in winter. Statistics from the Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Co. were analysed in light of notations of rust damage that caused cars to fail inspection. In Vaestervik, where roads are salted, cars fail inspection 2-4 times more often than on Gotland, where salt is not used. Experts estimate that the lifetime of cars would increase by 25% if roads were not salted, but that costs will continue to be high as a result of corrosion to electronic equipment. Several knowledge gaps are identified.(A)

[1]  G Öberg.  Effekter av saltning och moddavröjning : En förstudie av hastighet och friktion , 1978 .

[2]  S H Dahir,et al.  Seasonal and short-term variations in skid resistance , 1979 .

[3]  G. Öberg.  Effekter av sandning : Trafik- och friktionsstudier , 1978 .

[4]  B T Kulakowski,et al.  SKID RESISTANCE OF ADJACENT TANGENT AND NONTANGENT SECTIONS OF ROADS , 1989 .

[5]  P. Claffey.  PASSENGER CAR FUEL CONSUMPTION AS AFFECTED BY ICE AND SNOW , 1972 .

[6]  Gudrun Öberg,et al.  Effektivare halkbekämpning med mindre salt : MINSALT-projektets huvudrapport. Sammanfattning , 1991 .

[7]  Hans Sävenhed.  Samband mellan vinterväghållning och trafiksäkerhet , 1995 .

[8]  John J. Henry,et al.  SHORT-TERM, WEATHER-RELATED SKID RESISTANCE VARIATIONS , 1981 .

[9]  Ruediger Lamm,et al.  COMPARISON OF OPERATING SPEEDS ON DRY AND WET PAVEMENTS OF TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS , 1990 .

[10]  Rein Schandersson.  Samband mellan trafikolyckor, väglag och vinterväghållningsåtgärder : Olycksrisker vid olika mängd snönederbörd , 1988 .

[11]  Gudrun Öberg,et al.  En studie av metoder för att beräkna samband mellan dubbdäcksanvändning och trafiksäkerhet , 1993 .

[12]  G Öberg.  Friktion och reshastighet på vägar med olika vinterväghållning , 1981 .

[13]  M Roine.  DRIVER BEHAVIOUR IN SHARP CURVES AND QUEUES ON MAIN ROADS , 1993 .

[14]  T Makinen,et al.  THE EFFECT OF STUDDED TIRES ON JOURNEYS AND DRIVER RISK TAKING , 1996 .

[15]  B. Brorsson,et al.  Injuries from single-vehicle crashes and snow depth. , 1988, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[16]  Rashad M Hanbali,et al.  Accident Analysis of Ice Control Operations , 1992 .

[17]  Arne Carlsson,et al.  Dubbdäck : Samhällsekonomiska konsekvenser , 1995 .

[18]  Hans Sävenhed.  VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF WEARING COURSES , 1986 .

[19]  K J Kercher,et al.  Seasonal variation in skid resistance of bituminous surfaces in Indiana , 1980 .

[20]  G Nilsson.  Olyckskvot som trafiksäkerhetsmått. Olyckskvotens variation under olika väglags- och ljusförhållanden , 1976 .

[21]  Kari Alppivuori.  Road traffic in winter : summary of publications in the research programme , 1995 .

[22]  U Brüde,et al.  Samband vintertid mellan väderlek-väglag-trafikolyckor : Statistisk bearbetning och analys , 1980 .

[23]  G. Öberg,et al.  Vinterdäck : Effekter av olika regelförslag , 1995 .

[24]  Gudrun Öberg.  Vädrets och väglagets inverkan på personbilshastigheten : Litteratursammanställning och bearbetning av tidigare genomförda svenska mätningar , 1994 .

[25]  Gudrun Öberg.  Minsalt - trafiksäkerhet : revidering på grund av nollvisionen , 1997 .