Nanoparticles for environmental clean-up: A review of potential risks and emerging solutions

Abstract Nanotechnology is playing an increasingly important role in addressing innovative and effective solutions to a vast range of environmental challenges. In recent years, nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI), carbon nanotubes and nano-fibers have been applied for the remediation of a variety of contaminants including chlorinated compounds, hydrocarbons, organic compounds and heavy metals. The use and development of nanomaterials (NMs) are understandably heralded as an environmentally beneficial technology; however the ecological risks associated with their use have only begun to be assessed. This critical review highlights (i) the successful applications of nanotechnology for environmental clean-up, (ii) the potential ecological implications of environmental nanotechnology (E-Nano) involving use of nanomaterials and (iii) the potential solutions to current E-Nano related implications. Although there is undoubtedly cause for concerns among the scientific community over nanotechnology risk management, the efficacy of E-Nano is unquestionable. Hence, to advance this field in a rational manner without causing further environmental damage, we suggest an integrated preventive approach. This includes innovative greener routes for nanoparticle synthesis; advanced engineering ways for manufacturing smarter and more degradable NMs; and governing local and international legislations to monitor nanoparticles released into the environment. The aims of these recommendations is to promote the responsible innovation of NMs and its cautious use in order to take optimal advantage of E-Nano, minimizing potential risks which is a crucial aspect to improve environmental quality rather than to cause additional damage.