Gene transfer between distantly related bacteria.

'[;:��:��:� i ��.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : Transduction . EVIDENCE FOR GENE EXCHANGE BETWEEN DIFFERENT SPECIES . Phenotypic Evidence for Gene Exchange ..... . Experimental Demonstrations of [ntergeneric Gene Transfers . . Effective Conjugation between Distantly-Related Microbes . Naturally occurring Plasmids and their Tran�fer . Retrotransfer . IMPLICATIONS OF GENE TRANSFER . The Role of Gene Transfer in Speciation . . Gene Transfer in Nature and the Question of "Risk Assessment" during the Release of Genetically-Engineered Microorganisms (GEM) . Industrial Applications . CONCLUSION . Facilitating Transfer between Microbial Species in the Laboratory

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