Spread and survival of promiscuous IncP-1 plasmids.

Plasmids classified to the IncP-1 incompatibility group belong to the most stably maintained mobile elements among low copy number plasmids known to date. The remarkable persistence is achieved by various tightly controlled stability mechanisms like active partitioning, efficient conjugative transfer system, killing of plasmid-free segregants and multimer resolution. The unique feature of IncP-1 plasmids is the central control operon coding for global regulators which control the expression of genes involved in vegetative replication, stable maintenance and conjugative transfer. The multivalent regulatory network provides means for coordinated expression of all plasmid functions. The current state of knowledge about two fully sequenced plasmids RK2 and R751, representatives of the IncP-1alpha and IncP-1beta subgroups, is presented.

[1]  F. de la Cruz,et al.  Requirements for mobilization of plasmids RSF1010 and ColE1 by the IncW plasmid R388: trwB and RP4 traG are interchangeable , 1994, Journal of bacteriology.

[2]  D. Summers,et al.  Multicopy plasmid instability: the dimer catastrophe hypothesis , 1993, Molecular microbiology.

[3]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Mutational analysis of the global regulator KorA of broad-host-range plasmid RK2. , 1998, Journal of molecular biology.

[4]  E. Lanka,et al.  Mechanisms of Initiation and Termination Reactions in Conjugative DNA Processing , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[5]  R. Pukall,et al.  Detection and characterization of broad-host-range plasmids in environmental bacteria by PCR , 1996, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[6]  U. Heinemann,et al.  An Src Homology 3-like Domain Is Responsible for Dimerization of the Repressor Protein KorB Encoded by the Promiscuous IncP Plasmid RP4* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[7]  D. Bamford,et al.  Components of the RP4 Conjugative Transfer Apparatus Form an Envelope Structure Bridging Inner and Outer Membranes of Donor Cells: Implications for Related Macromolecule Transport Systems , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[8]  D. Figurski,et al.  The Active Partition Gene incC of IncP Plasmids Is Required for Stable Maintenance in a Broad Range of Hosts , 2002, Journal of bacteriology.

[9]  M. Couturier,et al.  Interaction between the RP4 coupling protein TraG and the pBHR1 mobilization protein Mob , 2000, Molecular microbiology.

[10]  D. Helinski,et al.  TrfA dimers play a role in copy-number control of RK2 replication. , 1998, Gene.

[11]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  The hierarchy of KorB binding at its 12 binding sites on the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 and modulation of this binding by IncC1 protein. , 2000, Journal of molecular biology.

[12]  J. Heinemann,et al.  Bacterial conjugative plasmids mobilize DNA transfer between bacteria and yeast , 1989, Nature.

[13]  Walter Keller,et al.  The anti-toxin ParD of plasmid RK2 consists of two structurally distinct moieties and belongs to the ribbon-helix-helix family of DNA-binding proteins. , 2002, The Biochemical journal.

[14]  J. Hackett,et al.  The parVP region of the Salmonella typhimurium virulence plasmid pSLT contains four loci required for incompatibility and partition. , 1993, Plasmid.

[15]  K. Timmis,et al.  Genetic and Biochemical Analyses of thetec Operon Suggest a Route for Evolution of Chlorobenzene Degradation Genes , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[16]  A. Pühler,et al.  The genetic organization and evolution of the broad host range mercury resistance plasmid pSB102 isolated from a microbial population residing in the rhizosphere of alfalfa. , 2001, Nucleic acids research.

[17]  D. Helinski,et al.  Helicase Delivery and Activation by DnaA and TrfA Proteins during the Initiation of Replication of the Broad Host Range Plasmid RK2* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[18]  R. Lurz,et al.  Maturation of IncP Pilin Precursors Resembles the Catalytic Dyad-Like Mechanism of Leader Peptidases , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[19]  R. B. Jensen,et al.  Prokaryotic DNA segregation by an actin‐like filament , 2002, The EMBO journal.

[20]  L. Mallavia,et al.  Membrane Association of Active Plasmid Partitioning Protein A in Escherichia coli * , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[21]  D. Figurski,et al.  A small protein-protein interaction domain common to KlcB and global regulators KorA and TrbA of promiscuous IncP plasmids. , 2001, Journal of molecular biology.

[22]  L. Bingle,et al.  Cooperativity between KorB and TrbA Repressors of Broad-Host-Range Plasmid RK2 , 2001, Journal of bacteriology.

[23]  J. Carazo,et al.  Sequence-related protein export NTPases encoded by the conjugative transfer region of RP4 and by the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori share similar hexameric ring structures. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[24]  R. B. Jensen,et al.  Mechanism of DNA segregation in prokaryotes: ParM partitioning protein of plasmid R1 co‐localizes with its replicon during the cell cycle , 1999, The EMBO journal.

[25]  T. Lawley,et al.  Bacterial conjugative transfer: visualization of successful mating pairs and plasmid establishment in live Escherichia coli , 2002, Molecular microbiology.

[26]  N. Sternberg,et al.  A novel role for site-specific recombination in maintenance of bacterial replicons , 1981, Cell.

[27]  H. Yoshikawa,et al.  Genes and their organization in the replication origin region of the bacterial chromosome , 1992, Molecular microbiology.

[28]  D. Helinski,et al.  The replication initiation protein of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 is activated by the ClpX chaperone. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  R. Wing,et al.  Complete Nucleotide Sequence and Organization of the Atrazine Catabolic Plasmid pADP-1 from Pseudomonassp. Strain ADP , 2001, Journal of bacteriology.

[30]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Analysis of copy number control elements in the region of the vegetative replication origin of the broad host range plasmid RK2. , 1984, The EMBO journal.

[31]  Małgorzata B. Łobocka,et al.  Determinants of segregational stability of the linear plasmid‐prophage N15 of Escherichia coli , 2001, Molecular microbiology.

[32]  F. Hayes.  The partition system of multidrug resistance plasmid TP228 includes a novel protein that epitomizes an evolutionarily distinct subgroup of the ParA superfamily , 2000, Molecular microbiology.

[33]  L. Mallavia,et al.  Identification of a partition region carried by the plasmid QpH1 of Coxiella burnetii , 1994, Molecular microbiology.

[34]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  The bacterial ParA-ParB partitioning proteins. , 2001, Journal of biotechnology.

[35]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  A family of ATPases involved in active partitioning of diverse bacterial plasmids , 1990, Molecular microbiology.

[36]  J. Surtees,et al.  P1 ParB Domain Structure Includes Two Independent Multimerization Domains , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[37]  J. Hackett,et al.  Molecular cloning and analysis of the incompatibility and partition functions of the virulence plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium. , 1989, Microbial pathogenesis.

[38]  Jan Löwe,et al.  F‐actin‐like filaments formed by plasmid segregation protein ParM , 2002, The EMBO journal.

[39]  N. Okada,et al.  Complete DNA Sequence and Comparative Analysis of the 50-Kilobase Virulence Plasmid of Salmonella entericaSerovar Choleraesuis , 2001, Infection and Immunity.

[40]  J. Gober,et al.  The chromosome partitioning protein, ParB, is required for cytokinesis in Caulobacter crescentus , 2001, Molecular microbiology.

[41]  James W. Wilson,et al.  Host-specific incompatibility by 9-bp direct repeats indicates a role in the maintenance of broad-host-range plasmid RK2. , 2002, Plasmid.

[42]  E. Ohtsubo,et al.  chpA and chpB, Escherichia coli chromosomal homologs of the pem locus responsible for stable maintenance of plasmid R100 , 1993, Journal of bacteriology.

[43]  N. Ravin,et al.  Partition of the Linear Plasmid N15: Interactions of N15 Partition Functions with the sop Locus of the F Plasmid , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[44]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Effect of growth rate and incC mutation on symmetric plasmid distribution by the IncP‐1 partitioning apparatus , 1999, Molecular microbiology.

[45]  R. Isberg,et al.  Conjugative transfer by the virulence system of Legionella pneumophila. , 1998, Science.

[46]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Incompatibility group P plasmids: genetics, evolution, and use in genetic manipulation. , 1987, Annual review of microbiology.

[47]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Conservation of the genetic switch between replication and transfer genes of IncP plasmids but divergence of the replication functions which are major host-range determinants. , 1996, Plasmid.

[48]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the vegetative replication origins of broad host range IncP plasmids R751 and RK2 reveals conserved features of probable functional importance. , 1985, Nucleic acids research.

[49]  E Lanka,et al.  Conjugative Pili of IncP Plasmids, and the Ti Plasmid T Pilus Are Composed of Cyclic Subunits* , 1999, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[50]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  The trfA and trfB promoter regions of broad host range plasmid RK2 share common potential regulatory sequences. , 1984, Nucleic acids research.

[51]  A. Suwanto,et al.  Characterization of the Endogenous Plasmid fromPseudomonas alcaligenes NCIB 9867: DNA Sequence and Mechanism of Transfer , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[52]  D. Helinski,et al.  Replication of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2: direct measurement of intracellular concentrations of the essential TrfA replication proteins and their effect on plasmid copy number , 1990, Journal of bacteriology.

[53]  V. Waters,et al.  Conjugation between bacterial and mammalian cells , 2001, Nature Genetics.

[54]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  kfrA gene of broad host range plasmid RK2 encodes a novel DNA-binding protein. , 1992, Journal of molecular biology.

[55]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Complete nucleotide sequence of Birmingham IncP alpha plasmids. Compilation and comparative analysis. , 1994, Journal of molecular biology.

[56]  F. Khanim,et al.  Repression at a distance by the global regulator KorB of promiscuous IncP plasmids , 1999, Molecular microbiology.

[57]  D. Bamford,et al.  The IncP plasmid-encoded cell envelope-associated DNA transfer complex increases cell permeability , 1997, Journal of bacteriology.

[58]  W. Verstraete,et al.  Exogenous Isolation of Mobilizing Plasmids from Polluted Soils and Sludges , 1994, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[59]  H. Schwab,et al.  Partitioning of broad-host-range plasmid RP4 is a complex system involving site-specific recombination , 1990, Journal of bacteriology.

[60]  M. Yamasaki,et al.  ATPase activity of SopA, a protein essential for active partitioning of F plasmid , 1992, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[61]  B. Funnell,et al.  Modulation of the P1 Plasmid Partition Protein ParA by ATP, ADP, and P1 ParB* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[62]  D. Helinski,et al.  Characteristics and significance of DNA binding activity of plasmid stabilization protein ParD from the broad host-range plasmid RK2. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[63]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  The korF region of broad-host-range plasmid RK2 encodes two polypeptides with transcriptional repressor activity , 1991, Journal of bacteriology.

[64]  A potential new gene (tccA) on IncP plasmid RK2 and transposon Tn1721: relationship of its product to the TrwC relaxase/helicase of IncW plasmid R388. , 1997, Plasmid.

[65]  R. Eichenlaub,et al.  Twelve 43-base-pair repeats map in a cis-acting region essential for partition of plasmid mini-F , 1986, Journal of bacteriology.

[66]  A. Grossman,et al.  Control of Sporulation Gene Expression in Bacillus subtilis by the Chromosome Partitioning Proteins Soj (ParA) and Spo0J (ParB) , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[67]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  DNA recognition by the KorA proteins of IncP-1 plasmids RK2 and R751. , 2002, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[68]  J. Davies,et al.  The Tra2 core of the IncP(alpha) plasmid RP4 is required for intergeneric mating between Escherichia coli and Streptomyces lividans , 1996, Journal of bacteriology.

[69]  D. Helinski,et al.  Different relative importances of the par operons and the effect of conjugal transfer on the maintenance of intact promiscuous plasmid RK2 , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[70]  《中华放射肿瘤学杂志》编辑部.  Medline , 2001, Current Biology.

[71]  M. Kalkum,et al.  TrbK, a small cytoplasmic membrane lipoprotein, functions in entry exclusion of the IncP alpha plasmid RP4 , 1996, Journal of bacteriology.

[72]  D. Helinski,et al.  Definition of a minimal plasmid stabilization system from the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 , 1992, Journal of bacteriology.

[73]  H. Engelberg-Kulka,et al.  Addiction modules and programmed cell death and antideath in bacterial cultures. , 1999, Annual review of microbiology.

[74]  J. Leveau,et al.  Genetic characterization of insertion sequence ISJP4 on plasmid pJP4 from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134. , 1997, Gene.

[75]  C. Kado,et al.  A gene near the plasmid pSa origin of replication encodes a nuclease , 1992, Molecular microbiology.

[76]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Active partitioning of bacterial plasmids. , 1992, Journal of general microbiology.

[77]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Conserved C-terminal region of global repressor KorA of broad-host-range plasmid RK2 is required for co-operativity between KorA and a second RK2 global regulator, KorB. , 1999, Journal of molecular biology.

[78]  D. Helinski,et al.  Plasmid RK2 toxin protein ParE: purification and interaction with the ParD antitoxin protein , 1996, Journal of bacteriology.

[79]  D. Helinski,et al.  Role of TrfA and DnaA Proteins in Origin Opening during Initiation of DNA Replication of the Broad Host Range Plasmid RK2* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[80]  I. Konieczny,et al.  Cooperative Action of Escherichia coli ClpB Protein and DnaK Chaperone in the Activation of a Replication Initiation Protein* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[81]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Replication of mini RK2 plasmid in extracts of Escherichia coli requires plasmid-encoded protein TrfA and host-encoded proteins DnaA, B, G DNA gyrase and DNA polymerase III. , 1988, Journal of molecular biology.

[82]  G. Schröder,et al.  The complete nucleotide sequence and environmental distribution of the cryptic, conjugative, broad-host-range plasmid pIPO2 isolated from bacteria of the wheat rhizosphere. , 2002, Microbiology.

[83]  A. Pühler,et al.  Phenotypic and molecular characterization of conjugative antibiotic resistance plasmids isolated from bacterial communities of activated sludge , 2000, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[84]  J. Pogliano,et al.  Compatible bacterial plasmids are targeted to independent cellular locations in Escherichia coli , 2002, The EMBO journal.

[85]  E. Lanka,et al.  KorB protein of promiscuous plasmid RP4 recognizes inverted sequence repetitions in regions essential for conjugative plasmid transfer. , 1992, Nucleic acids research.

[86]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Birmingham IncPα Plasmids: Compilation and Comparative Analysis , 1994 .

[87]  S. Molin,et al.  Partitioning of plasmid R1. Structural and functional analysis of the parA locus. , 1986, Journal of molecular biology.

[88]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  The partitioning activity of the RK2 central control region requires only incC, korB and KorB-binding site O(B)3 but other KorB-binding sites form destabilizing complexes in the absence of O(B)3. , 1998, Microbiology.

[89]  A. Burgin,et al.  Plasmid RK2 ParB Protein: Purification and Nuclease Properties , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[90]  M. Yarmolinsky,et al.  P1 plasmid partition: a mutational analysis of ParB. , 1996, Journal of molecular biology.

[91]  Guy Plunkett,et al.  The complete DNA sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of Escherichia coli O157:H7. , 1998, Nucleic acids research.

[92]  K. Gerdes,et al.  Partitioning of plasmid R1. Ten direct repeats flanking the parA promoter constitute a centromere-like partition site parC, that expresses incompatibility. , 1994, Journal of molecular biology.

[93]  E V Koonin,et al.  A superfamily of ATPases with diverse functions containing either classical or deviant ATP-binding motif. , 1993, Journal of molecular biology.

[94]  D. Helinski,et al.  Host‐dependent requirement for specific DnaA boxes for plasmid RK2 replication , 1999, Molecular microbiology.

[95]  D. Helinski,et al.  Role of the parCBA Operon of the Broad-Host-Range Plasmid RK2 in Stable Plasmid Maintenance , 1998, Journal of bacteriology.

[96]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Conjugative transfer functions of broad‐host‐range plasmid RK2 are coregulated with vegetative replication , 1992, Molecular microbiology.

[97]  J. Errington,et al.  Direct evidence for active segregation of oriC regions of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome and co‐localization with the Spo0J partitioning protein , 1997, Molecular microbiology.

[98]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Divergence and conservation of the partitioning and global regulation functions in the central control region of the IncP plasmids RK2 and R751. , 1997, Microbiology.

[99]  B. Funnell,et al.  Intracellular localization of P1 ParB protein depends on ParA and parS. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[100]  C A Pettigrew,et al.  Chlorinated biphenyl mineralization by individual populations and consortia of freshwater bacteria , 1990, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[101]  E. Yakobson,et al.  Homology in the transfer origins of broad host range IncP plasmids: Definition of two subgroups of P plasmids , 2004, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[102]  J. Pogliano.  Dynamic cellular location of bacterial plasmids. , 2002, Current Opinion in Microbiology.

[103]  J. Gober,et al.  Cell Cycle–Dependent Polar Localization of Chromosome Partitioning Proteins in Caulobacter crescentus , 1997, Cell.

[104]  J. Shim,et al.  Interaction between F plasmid partition proteins SopA and SopB. , 1999, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[105]  G. Sayler,et al.  Characteristics and restriction analysis of the 4-chlorobiphenyl catabolic plasmid, pSS50 , 1989, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[106]  H. Hiasa,et al.  The traE Gene of Plasmid RP4 Encodes a Homologue of Escherichia coli DNA Topoisomerase III* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[107]  Donald R. Helinski,et al.  Multicopy plasmids are clustered and localized in Escherichia coli , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[108]  D. Figurski,et al.  Structure, expression, and regulation of the kilC operon of promiscuous IncP alpha plasmids , 1994, Journal of bacteriology.

[109]  R. B. Jensen,et al.  Plasmid and chromosome partitioning: surprises from phylogeny , 2000, Molecular microbiology.

[110]  S. Austin,et al.  The P1 plasmid in action: time-lapse photomicroscopy reveals some unexpected aspects of plasmid partition. , 2002, Plasmid.

[111]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Multifunctional repressor KorB can block transcription by preventing isomerization of RNA polymerase-promoter complexes. , 1993, Nucleic acids research.

[112]  R. Lurz,et al.  Enzymology of Type IV Macromolecule Secretion Systems: the Conjugative Transfer Regions of Plasmids RP4 and R388 and the cag Pathogenicity Island of Helicobacter pylori Encode Structurally and Functionally Related Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolases , 2000, Journal of bacteriology.

[113]  R. Lewis,et al.  Chromosome loss from par mutants of Pseudomonas putida depends on growth medium and phase of growth. , 2002, Microbiology.

[114]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Identification of a seventh operon on plasmid RK2 regulated by the korA gene product. , 1990, Gene.

[115]  D. Figurski,et al.  The kilE locus of promiscuous IncP alpha plasmid RK2 is required for stable maintenance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 1997, Journal of bacteriology.

[116]  G. Sayler,et al.  Comparative genetic organization of incompatibility group P degradative plasmids , 1990, Journal of bacteriology.

[117]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Comparison of the organisation of the genomes of phenotypically diverse plasmids of incompatibility group P: members of the IncPβ sub-group are closely related , 1987, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[118]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Functional dissection of the ParB homologue (KorB) from IncP-1 plasmid RK2. , 2002, Nucleic acids research.

[119]  A. Grossman,et al.  spo0J is required for normal chromosome segregation as well as the initiation of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis , 1994, Journal of bacteriology.

[120]  J. Bouet,et al.  P1 ParA interacts with the P1 partition complex at parS and an ATP–ADP switch controls ParA activities , 1999, The EMBO journal.

[121]  T. Murotsu,et al.  Mini-F protein that binds to a unique region for partition of mini-F plasmid DNA , 1985, Journal of bacteriology.

[122]  D. Figurski,et al.  The kil-kor regulon of broad-host-range plasmid RK2: nucleotide sequence, polypeptide product, and expression of regulatory gene korC , 1990, Journal of bacteriology.

[123]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  IncC of Broad-Host-Range Plasmid RK2 Modulates KorB Transcriptional Repressor Activity In Vivo and Operator Binding In Vitro , 1999, Journal of bacteriology.

[124]  S. Salzberg,et al.  DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae , 2000, Nature.

[125]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Purification of KorA protein from broad host range plasmid RK2: definition of a hierarchy of KorA operators. , 1995, Journal of Molecular Biology.

[126]  D. Lane,et al.  Analysis of the F plasmid centromere , 1987, Molecular and General Genetics MGG.

[127]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Complete sequence of the IncPbeta plasmid R751: implications for evolution and organisation of the IncP backbone. , 1998, Journal of molecular biology.

[128]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  Regulation of transfer genes of promiscuous IncP alpha plasmid RK2: repression of Tra1 region transcription both by relaxosome proteins and by the Tra2 regulator TrbA. , 1994, Microbiology.

[129]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  KorA protein of promiscuous plasmid RK2 controls a transcriptional switch between divergent operons for plasmid replication and conjugative transfer. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[130]  J D Hoheisel,et al.  Mapping analysis of the Xylella fastidiosa genome. , 2000, Nucleic acids research.

[131]  D. Lane,et al.  The parAB gene products of Pseudomonas putida exhibit partition activity in both P. putida and Escherichia coli , 2002, Molecular microbiology.

[132]  D. Helinski,et al.  A broad host range replicon with different requirements for replication initiation in three bacterial species , 2001, The EMBO journal.

[133]  M. Bramucci,et al.  The Bacillus subtilis spo0J gene: evidence for involvement in catabolite repression of sporulation , 1991, Journal of bacteriology.

[134]  Christopher M Thomas,et al.  The replication and stable-inheritance functions of IncP-9 plasmid pM3. , 2000, Microbiology.

[135]  D. Bamford,et al.  Bacterial conjugation mediated by plasmid RP4: RSF1010 mobilization, donor-specific phage propagation, and pilus production require the same Tra2 core components of a proposed DNA transport complex , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[136]  J. Santini,et al.  Both the fipA Gene of pKM101 and thepifC Gene of F Inhibit Conjugal Transfer of RP1 by an Effect on traG , 1998, Journal of bacteriology.

[137]  J. Errington,et al.  Bacillus subtilis Cell Cycle as Studied by Fluorescence Microscopy: Constancy of Cell Length at Initiation of DNA Replication and Evidence for Active Nucleoid Partitioning , 1998, Journal of bacteriology.

[138]  T. Tralau,et al.  Map of the IncP1β Plasmid pTSA Encoding the Widespread Genes (tsa) forp-Toluenesulfonate Degradation in Comamonas testosteroni T-2 , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[139]  J. Pogliano,et al.  ParE toxin encoded by the broad‐host‐range plasmid RK2 is an inhibitor of Escherichia coli gyrase , 2002, Molecular microbiology.